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Urinary Guyton
Chapter 26
| Kidneys Functions | |
|---|---|
| Most familiar function | Get rid the body waste materials that are ingested or produced by the metabolism |
| Second most important function | Control the volume and electrolytes composition of the body fluids. |
| Intake happens due to ingestion or metabolic production and Output due to excretion or metabolic consumption. What does that mean for the kidneys? | The balance between the intake and output is maintained largely by the kidneys, it is a regulatory function which allows if working properly, for the cells to perform their various activities in a stable internal environment. |
| Depending on the needs of the body, | the kidneys filter the plasma and remove substances from the filtrate at variable rates. Depending on the needs substances are being either removed from the blood and excreted in the urine or return back to blood. |
| Homeostatic functions: | 1. Excretion of metabolic waste waste products and foreign chemicals, 2. Secretion, metabolism, and excretion of hormones, 3. Gluconeogenesis |
| 4. Regulation of: | Water and electrolyte balances, body fluid osmolality and electrolyte concentration, arterial pressure, acid-base balance, erythrocyte production. |
| What are the products eliminated from the kidneys and where they come from? | 1. Urea(from metabolism of amino acids), 2. Creatinine(from muscle creatine), 3. Uric acid(from nucleic acids), 4. End products of hemoglobin breakdown(eg bilirubin) and metabolites of various hormones. |
| What else can kidneys eliminate? | Pesticides, drugs, and food additives |
| What is the balance for intake and excretion? | Intake=Excretion, If intake>excretion then the amount of substances in the body will increase, and the other way around will decrease. |
| What homeostasis levels affects? | Sodium and water, electrolytes, such as chloride, potassium, calcium, hydrogen, magnesium, and phosphate ions. |
| Regulation of Arterial Pressure | Short-term arterial pressure regulation by secreting hormones and vasoactive factors or substances(eg renin) that lead to the formation of vasoactive products(eg angiotensin II) |
| Regulation of Acid-Base Balance, kidneys, lungs and body fluid buffers contribute. | Kidneys eliminate certain types of acids from the body, such as sulfuric acid and phosphoric acid(generated by the metabolism of proteins) |
| Regulation of Erythrocyte Production, kidneys secrete erythropoietin, which stimulates production for red blood cells by hematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow. | Erythropoietin is stimulated by hypoxia(low oxygen in blood), people with severe kidney disease or no kidneys go under hemodialysis, have a decreased erythropoietin production develop anemia. |
| Regulation of 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 Production, produced by kidneys | 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3(calcitriol), the active form of vitamin D, by hydroxylating this vitamin at the number 1 position. Calcitriol for normal calcium deposition in bone and calcium reabsorption by the gi tract. Also in calcium and phosphate regulation |
| Glucose Synthesis | Kidneys-glucose from amino acids and other precursors during prolonged fasting, gluconeogenesis occurs |
| Where do kidneys lie? Their weight and size? | On the posterior wall of the abdomen, outside the peritoneal cavity, 150grams, clenched fist. |
| What is the region on the medial side of the kidneys called which pass the renal artery and vein, lymphatics, nerve supply and ureter | Hilum |
| What protects the inner structures of the kidneys? | A tough fibrous capsule |
| What are the major regions in the kidneys? What structures else exists there? | Outer cortex and inner medulla regions. Medulla has 8 to 10 cone shaped masses called renal pyramids. Papilla, renal pelvis, major calyces and minor calyces |
| Where is urine stored until its emptied and how? | Bladder by micturition |
| What is the normal blood flow to the two kidneys? | 22% of the cardiac output, or 1100 ml/min |
| What is the renal artery branches flow? Staring from renal artery | Segmental arteries->Intralobar arteries->Arcuate arteries->Interlobular arteries(radial arteries)->Afferent arterioles->Glomerular capillaries(fluids and solutes no plasma proteins)->efferent arteriole->second capillary network-> peritubular capillaries |
| What are the two capillaries beds? | Glomerular and peritubular capillaries |
| What is the pressure to each capillaries beds? | Glomerular capillaries(=60 mm Hg) high hydrostatic pressure causes rapid fluid filtration, whereas lower hydrostatic pressure in peritubular capillaries(=13 mm Hg) permits rapid fluid reabsorption |
| Where do peritubular capillaries empty the blood and how the branch progresses? | Into the interlobular vein, interlobular vein-> arcuate vein-> interlobar vein-> renal vein, which then leaves the kidney beside the renal artery and ureter |
| How many nephrons are there? | 800.000 to 1.000.000, each of which is capable of forming urine |
| With age nephrons decrease, can not regenerate. | Starting from 40 years of age, nephrons functions decrease about 10% for every 10 years |
| What do nephrons contain? | 1. Glomerulus, through which large amounts of fluid are filtered from the blood, 2. Long tubule in which the filtered fluid is converted into urine on its way to the pelvis of the kidney |
| What does glomerulus contains, pressure status, encased by what? | Branching and anastomosing glomerular capillaries with high hydrostatic pressure, encased in Bowman's capsule |
| What is the flow of the fluid when filtered in the glomerular capillaries? | Flows into Bowman's capsule and then proximal tubule(cortex of kidney). |
| After the proximal tubule(cortex) | fluid flows into the loop of Henle(renal medulla-ascending and descending limb), which have very thin, thin segment of the loop of Henle. |
| Returning from the ascending limb-medulla, the walls become thicker, thick segment of the ascending limb, at the end a short segment called macula densa has in its wall a plaque of specialized epithelial cells, controlling nephron function. | After the macula densa fluid enters the distal tubule-renal cortex, -> collecting tubule, which lead to the cortical collecting duct(8 to 10 join and run downward into the medulla and become medullary collectind duct) |
| Where do collective duct empty the fluid? | Renal pelvis through the tips of the renal papillae, there are about 250 cd, of each collects from 4000 nephrons |
| Two types of nephron, name and differences | Cortical and Juxtamedullary Nephrons, depend on how deep the nephron lies within the kidney mass |
Created by:
frosty m
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