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ProbSolv/DecMaking
ProbSold/DecMaking
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Barriers to Problem Solving | 1. Considering irrelevant information 2. Unnecessary constraints 3. Mental Sets 4. Functional Fixedness |
| Irrelevant Information | Example of 3 triple strollers--Consider the problem, and eliminate information that you don't need to solve it. |
| Mental Set | Solving a problem the same way you always have instead of considering a better solution |
| Functional Fixedness | Considering only one function for every object unlike children who will invent ways to use objects. |
| Algorithms | Set of instructions leading you to solving a problem--solution is only as good as the set of instructions |
| Heuristics | Mental Shortcuts--"As a rule" |
| Availability Heuristics | Using probability based on previous experience to solve a problem--should I pack a raincoat? It usually rains there in the afternoons. |
| Representative Heuristics | Using probability based on hearsay (no experience) to solve a problem.) Should I pack a raincoat? I don't know what the percentage of rain there is in Rome in the summer. |
| Culture influences how we problem solve | 1. Field Dependent Style 2. Field Independent Style |
| Field Dependent Problem Solving Style | Look at the whole problem first and then break down in elements of how the solution will affect others--solve for the good of the whole |
| Field Independent Problem Solving Style | Look at the elements of the problem and how they affect you, the individual, rather than the good of the whole |
| Inductive Thinking | From the specific to the General. Gather the information, sift and sort, and develop a theory |
| Deductive Thinking | From the General to the specific: Go from a general theory to a specific--"If this....then that...." |
| Decision Making | Making a choice from a number of viable alternatives |
| Simon's Theory of Bounded Rationality | People are cognitive misers. They don't consider enough alternatives and therefore make irrational decisions. |
| Elimination Strategy | Eliminate alternatives that you cannot consider for whatever reason. |
| Additive Strategy | Make a list of important criteria--weight each criteria for its importance to you. Narrow down to your last 2-3 choices and mathematically choose which is best for you by adding your criteria points. |
| Gambler's Fallacy | Thinking that something is bound to happen soon because it hasn't happened in a long time. This is untrue |
| Confirmation Bias | Seeking out information that only confirms our beliefs |
| Trial and Error | How most people solve problems |
| Disconfirming Evidence | Information that contradicts our belief |
| Types of Problems | Inducing Structure, Transformation and Arrangement |
| Inducing Structure | Looking for Patterns |
| Transformation | Arranging, putting things in order, with a rule |
| Arrangement | Putting things in order--no rule |
Created by:
lmckay
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