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final for 221
221
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Of the pathogenic organisms, which of the following are the most complex? | Tapeworms |
| If the secretion of oxytocin during childbirth operated as a negative-feedback control loop, what effect would it have on uterine contractions? | Oxytocin would inhibit uterine contractions. |
| The term that literally means self-immunity is: | autoimmunity. |
| Intracellular parasites that consist of DNA or RNA surrounded by a protein coat and sometimes by a lipoprotein envelope are called: | viruses. |
| Negative-feedback control systems: | oppose a change. |
| Which of the following is a protein substance with no DNA or RNA and is thought to be the cause of mad cow disease? | Prion |
| Positive-feedback control systems: | accelerate a change. |
| Shivering to try to raise your body temperature back to normal would be an example of: | the body trying to maintain homeostasis. a negative-feedback mechanism. |
| Which of the following may put one at risk for developing a given disease? | Lifestyle, Stress and Environment |
| Which of the following is not one of the basic components in a feedback control loop? | Transmitter |
| DNA: | is a double-helix strand of nucleotides. |
| Which level of protein structure refers to the number, kind, and sequence of amino acids? | glycogen |
| Unsaturated fats: | will kink or bend because of the double bonds between the carbon atoms. |
| Which of the following is not true of both triglycerides and phospholipids? | They both contain a hydrophobic and hydrophilic end. |
| Which of the following is not true of carbohydrates? | They include substances commonly called sugars, They are the body’s primary source of energy, They are a part of both DNA and RNA. |
| When two molecules of glucose are joined, they form which disaccharide? | Maltose |
| Which of the following is not true of RNA? | All of the above are true of RNA. |
| Which lipid acts as a “tissue hormone”? | Prostaglandin |
| Which energy-releasing or energy-transferring molecule does not contain a nucleotide? | Creatine phosphate |
| Amino acids frequently become joined by: | peptide bonds. |
| Prostaglandins and steroids share which of the following characteristics? | Both have a ring structure in their molecule. |
| The basic building blocks of fats are: | fatty acids and glycerol. |
| The alpha helix is an example of which level of protein structure? | Secondary |
| Which lipid is part of vitamin D? | Steroids |
| Which of the following is not true of diffusion? | Uses cellular energy |
| A DNA molecule is characterized by all of the following except: | ribose sugar. |
| The pairing of bases of a strand of DNA is obligatory. If a strand of DNA were composed of the base sequence of ATCG, what would be the obligatory sequence of its opposing base pairs? | TAGC |
| All of the following are examples of passive transport except: | endocytosis. |
| A saline solution that contains a higher concentration of salt than a red blood cell would be: | hypertonic. |
| All of the following occur as a result of meiosis except: | chromosome number remains at 46. |
| Which is not true about the sodium and potassium pump? | Sodium moves into the cell and potassium moves out of the cell. |
| Transcription can be best described as the: | synthesis of mRNA. |
| The small water channels in the cell membrane are called: | aquaporins. |
| Diffusion requires: | a concentration gradient. |
| Twenty-three chromosomes per cell in humans is referred to as: | haploid. |
| Extensive weight training causes the muscle cells to: | hypertrophy. |
| Materials can be moved from a low concentration to a high concentration through: | active transport. |
| If a sequence of nitrogen bases in nucleic acid were A-U-C-G-A, which of the following would be true about the nucleic acid? | It contains ribose sugar. |
| Water will move through the cell membrane by: | osmosis. |
| Which of the following is not a characteristic of epithelial tissue? | Is important in communication and control |
| In what area of the body would you expect to find an especially thick stratum corneum? | Sole of the foot |
| A tissue is: | a group of similar cells that perform a common function. |
| Which of the following is not a characteristic of connective tissue? | Typically holds its cells together tightly by means of desmosomes |
| Which cells electrically insulate axons to increase the speed of conduction? | Oligodendrocytes and Astrocytes |
| Which tissue is most likely to form a keloid scar as it heals? | Connective |
| Which of the following is not a characteristic of smooth muscles? | Having intercalated disks |
| Which of the following epithelial functions is a primary activity of glandular epithelium? | Secretion |
| Which of the following is not a function of adipose tissue? | Defends the body from microbes and injurious substances |
| Which is not a function of epithelial tissue? | Assimilation |
| The primary ossification center of a long bone is located: | in the diaphysis. |
| The cells responsible for active erosion of bone minerals are called: | osteoclasts. |
| Which of the following is not dependent on the proper amount of calcium ions in the blood? | All of the above are dependent on the proper amount of calcium ions in the blood. |
| Until bone growth in length is complete, a layer of the cartilage, known as the _____, remains between the epiphysis and diaphysis. | epiphyseal plate |
| In bone growth, the medullary cavity is enlarged because of the activity of: | osteoclasts. |
| Young children’s bones have a greater risk of fracturing because of incompletely ossified bone. | False |
| In intramembranous ossification, the process of appositional growth refers to the: | addition of an outside layer of osseous tissue on flat bones. |
| The humerus articulates proximally with the | scapula. |
| Which of the following may cause skeletal variations? | All of the above may cause skeletal variations |
| In bone formation, the cells that produce the organic matrix are the: | osteoblasts. |
| When the knee is flexed, the patella can be easily distinguished. | False |
| As the activity of osteoblasts increases, the: | amount of calcium in bone increases and level of calcium in the blood decreases. |
| Which structures are unique to the fetal skull and provide additional space for molding the head shape as the baby passes through the birth canal? | fontanels |
| Blood calcium levels involve secretion of which two hormones? | parathyroid and calcitonin |
| Bones grow in diameter by the combined action of which two of the three bone cell types? | osteoblasts and osteoclasts |
| A contraction in which the tension within the muscle remains the same but the length changes is called a(n) _____ contraction. | isotonic |
| The ability of muscle cells to respond to nerve stimuli is called: | irritability. |
| In terms of function, which is considered an immovable joint? | Synarthrosis |
| Tilting the foot upward, decreasing the angle between the top of the foot and the front of the leg, is called: | dorsiflexion. |
| Glucose can be stored in the muscle as: | glycogen. |
| Which of the following is not an end-product of the breakdown of ATP? | All of the above are end-products of the breakdown of ATP. |
| The first event to occur in muscle relaxation is that: | the sarcoplasmic reticulum begins actively pumping calcium back into its sacs. |
| Which of the following is not a part of the neuromuscular junction? | T-tubules |
| All of the following are noninflammatory joint disorders except: | juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. |
| The substance that attracts oxygen in the myoglobin molecule is: | iron. |
| The type of movement possible at a synovial joint depends on the: | shape of the articulating surfaces of the bones. |
| Painful muscle contractions or involuntary twitches are called: | cramps. |
| Which of the following proteins found in myofilaments contains the cross-bridges? | Myosin |
| The purpose of creatine phosphate in muscle contraction is to: | replenish energy supply. |
| The lactate produced by anaerobic respiration is converted back to glucose in the: | liver |
| Compared with the outside of the neuron, the inside has a(n) ____ charge. | negative |
| When an impulse reaches a synapse: | chemical transmitters are released. |
| Which is true of a neuron with a resting potential? | The sodium pump has moved Na+ to the outside of the plasma membrane. |
| Which of the following antidepressants acts by blocking the action of monoamine oxidase (MAO)? | Phenelzine |
| A slight shift away from the resting membrane potentials in a specific region of the plasma membrane is called a _____ potential. | local |
| Acetylcholine is in the same class of neurotransmitters as: | none of the above. |
| The neurotransmitter(s) that inhibit(s) the conduction of pain impulses is(are): | enkephalins. |
| Serotonin is an example of a(n): | amine neurotransmitter. |
| For a neurotransmitter to produce an inhibitory postsynaptic potential, which of the following channels must open? | Potassium and/or chloride channels |
| Excitatory neurotransmitters are most likely to: | initiate an action potential. |
| Severe depression can be caused by a deficit in certain brain synapses of: | amines |
| When current leaps across an insulating myelin sheath from node to node, the type of impulse conduction is called: | saltatory conduction. |
| During a relative refractory period: | the action potential can be initiated with a strong stimulus. |
| Dopamine, epinephrine, and norepinephrine are classified as: | catecholamines. |
| The fastest nerve fibers in the body can conduct impulses up to approximately _____ meters per second. | 130 |
| Which of the following is not an example of sympathetic stimulation? | Constriction of the bronchioles |
| The vomiting reflex is mediated by the: | medulla. |
| Audition is a function of the _____ lobe. | temporal |
| Norepinephrine is liberated at: | most sympathetic postganglionic nerve endings. |
| The parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions always act with a cooperative influence, and through summation of the impulses, the effect can be increased. | False |
| Most effectors of the autonomic nervous system are dually innervated by sympathetic and parasympathetic neurons. | True |
| A mixed nerve is one that: | A mixed nerve is one that: |
| Which is not true of the dorsal nerve root? | All of the above are true. |
| Normal infants will show the Babinski reflex up to the age of _____ years. | 1.5-2 |
| Which of the following is a correct statement? | There are 5 lumbar nerve pairs. |
| Impulses sent over which of the following tracts could result in voluntary movement, especially of the hands, fingers, feet, and toes of the opposite side? | Lateral corticospinal |
| The part of the brain that assists in the maintenance of balance is the: | cerebellum. |
| Cerebrospinal fluid is formed by filtration of blood in the: | choroid plexuses. |
| Which of the following is not true? | One bundle of nerve fibers (nerve roots) projects from each side of the spinal cord. |
| Tic douloureux is a painful neuralgia of the _____ nerve. | trigeminal |
| The last step in the nonsteroid hormone mechanism of action is: | protein kinases activate other enzymes. |
| When a small amount of one hormone allows a second hormone to have its full effect, the phenomenon is called: | permissiveness. |
| The two-point discrimination test can be used to measure: | the sensitivity of the skin in various parts of the body. |
| All of the following are true statements except: | aspirin produces some of its effects by increasing PGE synthesis. |
| All of the following are nonsteroid hormones except: | cortisol |
| Which of the following is a function of glucagon? | Tends to increase blood glucose concentrations |
| The receptors responsible for sensing crude and persistent touch are the: | Ruffini corpuscles. |
| The production of thyroid hormone is stimulated by another hormone from the: | anterior pituitary. |
| Visceroceptors are located in which of the following? | Internal organs |
| The olfactory tract carries impulses associated with: | smell. |
| The major hormone produced by the corpus luteum is: | progesterone. |
| The type of cells that secrete ACTH are: | corticotrophs. |
| One of the few hormones that functions on a positive-feedback loop is: | oxytocin. |
| Sensory impulses ending in what part of the CNS trigger imprecise or “crude” sensation awareness? | Thalamus |
| Accommodation for near vision necessitates | all of the above. |
| The physiological mechanism that dissolves clots is known as | fibrinolysis. |
| Inhibition of sympathetic vasoconstrictor impulses is considered a major mechanism of | vasodilation. |
| Blood volume per kilogram of body weight varies inversely with: | body fat. |
| The vagus is said to act as a “brake” on the heart. This situation is called | vagal inhibition. |
| All of the following are true statements except: | both atria receive their blood supply from branches of the right and left coronary arteries. |
| The mechanisms of which three hormones work together to regulate blood volume? | aldosterone, ANH, and ADH |
| The heart begins beating in the fetus at about what stage of development? | After about 4 weeks |
| Which two factors promote the return of venous blood to the heart? | blood-pumping action of respirations and skeletal muscle contractions |
| The difference between systolic pressure and diastolic pressure is called | pulse pressure. |
| A decrease in the amount of white blood cells is called | leukopenia |
| What is the function of the spleen? | tissue repair hematopoiesis, red blood cell, platelet destruction, blood reservoir |
| During their residence in the thymus, pre-T cells develop into _____, cells that proliferate as rapidly as any in the body. | thymocytes |
| Adaptive immunity, part of the body’s third line of defense, is orchestrated by two different classes of a type of white blood cell called the | lymphocyte. |
| Which protein interferes with the ability of viruses to cause disease? | interferon |
| Activities that result in central movement or flow of lymph are called | lymphokinetic activities. |
| Each cortical nodule is composed of packed lymphocytes that surround a less dense area called a | germinal center. |
| Masses of lymphoid tissue located in a protective ring under the mucous membranes in the mouth and the back of the throat are called | tonsils. |
| Lymphatics in the villi of the small intestines are called | lacteals. |
| Chemotaxis is the process by which a cell navigates toward the source of the chemotactic factor by way of | detecting and then moving toward higher concentrations of the factor. |
| The body’s defense mechanisms can be organized into one of two major categories of immune mechanisms; these are | innate and adaptive immunity |
| The lymphatic system serves various functions in the body. The two most important functions of this system are | fluid balance and immunity. |
| Antibodies are proteins of the family called | immunoglobulins. |
| The movement of phagocytes from blood vessels to an inflammation site is called | diapedesis. |
| Lymphocytes that kill many types of tumor cells and cells infected by different kinds of viruses are known as | natural killer cells. |
| Recognition of antigens by antibodies occurs when an | antigen’s epitopes fit into and bind to an antigen molecule’s antigen-binding site. |
| Which of the following is not a means of transporting oxygen in the blood? | Combined with the bicarbonate ion (HCO3–) |
| Normal, quiet breathing is known as: | eupnea. |
| By the time the blood leaves the lung capillaries to return to the heart, what percentage of the blood’s hemoglobin has united with oxygen? | 97% |
| About 98.5% of the oxygen carried by systemic arterial blood is attached to: | hemoglobin. |
| The PCO2 in alveolar air is _____ blood. | less than in the systemic venous and equal to the systemic arterial |
| Which type of breathing is characterized by repeated sequences of deep gasps and apnea, and is usually seen in people with increased intracranial pressure? | Biot’s breathing |
| The PCO2 in the atmosphere is: | less than in the alveolar air. |
| Which of the following is not a regulated process associated with the functioning of the respiratory system? | Control of cell metabolism rate |
| A type of breathing characterized by gradually increasing tidal volume for several breaths followed by several breaths with gradually decreasing tidal volume is: | Cheyne-Stokes respiration. |
| Dalton law states that the partial pressure of a gas in a mixture of gases is _____ to the total pressure of the mixture. | directly related to the concentration of that gas in the mixture and |
| The sodium cotransport or coupled transport acts to transport sodium ions and glucose molecules _____ the GI lumen. | passively out of |
| Rotavirus can cause what life-threatening condition in infants? | Diarrhea |
| Which step of deglutition is under voluntary control? | Oral stage |
| Polysaccharides are hydrolyzed into disaccharides by enzymes known as: | amylase. |
| The substances absorbed into the lymph capillaries are: | glycerol and fatty acids. |
| Hydrolysis refers to: | using water to split larger compounds into smaller ones. |
| An end product of fat digestion is: | glycerol. |
| The final product of carbohydrate digestion is a: | monosaccharide. |
| The process of swallowing is known as: | deglutition. |
| The hormone thought to be a messenger causing release of digestive enzymes from the intestinal mucosa is: | vasoactive intestinal peptide. |
| Which of the following is a disaccharide? | Sucrose |
| Which of the processes of mechanical digestion involves the esophagus? | Deglutition and Peristalsis |
| Which of these is not an example of mechanical digestion? | Moistening the food |
| When classified according to the kind of chemical reactions catalyzed, digestive enzymes are referred to as _____ enzymes. | hydrolyzing |
| Bicarbonates are useful in the GI tract to: | neutralize hydrochloric acid. |
| Water normally leaves the body through _____ exits. | four |
| In young adults, the percentage of body weight composed of water will average about _____ for males and _____ for females. | 60%; 50% |
| Which of the following substances is released by the juxtaglomerular cells? | Renin |
| If the pH of the blood were 7.23, it would be | slightly more acidic than normal. |
| What is the most abundant cation in intracellular fluid? | Potassium |
| Which of the following is a true statement? | Arterial blood has an average pH of 7.41. |
| Which of the following ratios of base bicarbonate to carbonic acid will maintain a normal pH? | 20:1 |
| Edema is defined as abnormally large amounts of fluid in the: | intercellular spaces. |
| When comparing the volume of the various body fluids, the correct order going from highest to lowest in total volume would be: | intracellular fluid, interstitial fluid, plasma. |
| The regulation of acid-base balance in the body fluids refers to the control of _____ ion concentration. | hydrogen |
| Which of the following is(are) classified as an acid-forming food? | Meat, Eggs, Poultry |
| Which of the following pairs are almost identical when compared chemically? | Plasma and interstitial fluid |
| Which of the following is not a method used for parenteral administration? | By mouth |
| When the adrenal cortex is stimulated to increase its secretion of aldosterone, the first thing that happens is a(n): | increase in the kidney tubule reabsorption of sodium. |
| Edema may occur when: | all of the above occur. |
| Which of the following glands is not a paired accessory gland of the male reproductive system? | Prostate |
| Which of the following is not a function of the ovary? | It produces follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). |
| The phase of the menstrual cycle that occurs between the expulsion of the ovum from the ovary and the onset of menses is the _____ phase. | luteal |
| The main factor determining male fertility is the: | number of sperm ejaculated. |
| Which of the following functions is not usually associated with the uterus? | Fertilization |
| The hormone that causes the follicle to rupture and the egg to be expelled is: | luteinizing hormone (LH). |
| Which statement is the best explanation of “immune infertility”? | Antigen-antibody reaction in males causes destruction of sperm, resulting in infertility. |
| Which of the following hormones causes ejection of milk into the mammary ducts, making it accessible for the infant? | Oxytocin |
| What reproductive duct is divided into the head, body, and tail? | Epididymis |
| Which of the following is true of the essential organ in the reproductive system? | It produces gametes, It is called the testis in the male, It is called the gonad in both sexes. |
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