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Human Geography-sj

AP Human Geography

Term	Definition
carrying capacity	the population size of a species that the environment can sustain indefinitely given the available resources
overpopulation	a situation in which the number of people exceeds the capacity of the environment to support life at a decent standard of living
demography	the scientific study of population characteristics
census	a complete enumeration of a population
ecumene	the portion of earths surface occupied by permanent human settlement
arable land	land suited for agriculture
demographic transition model	model that shows the shift in a countrys demographics over time
population momentum	the additional growth that countries experience after CBR declines
ZPG	zero population growth, condition of demographic balance where the # of people in a specified population neither grows nor declines
Anti-natalist policy	population policy which aims to discourage births
pro-natalist policy	population policy which aims to encourage births
push factor	what is pushing you out of a location
pull factor	what is pulling you to a location
forced migration	permanent movement compelled by cultural or environmental factors
voluntary migration	permanent move under taken by choice
Net (in/out) migration	total # of immigrants and emigrants and which is more
Guest worker	a term used for a worker who migrates to a developed country in search of a higher paying job
step migration	migration that follows a path of a series of stages or steps toward a final destination
intervening obstacle	an environmental or cultural feature of the landscape that hinders migration
refugee	people who are forced to migrate from their home country and cannot return for fear of persecution
asylum seeker	someone who has migrated to another country in the hope of being recognized as a refugee
internally displaced people	someone who has been forced to migrate (like a refugee) but has not migrated across an international border
culture	the customs, arts, social institutions and achievements of a particular nation people or other social group
habit	a repetitive act by a person
custom	repetitive act by a group of people
folk culture	culture traditionally practiced by a small homogenous rural group living in relative isolation from other groups, mysterious hearths
popular culture	culture found in large heterogeneous society that shares certain habits despite differences in other personal characteristics
toponym	a place name usually a reflection of history, the founders, or physical features
sequent occupance	contributions or imprints left on a place by different groups who have occupied that space
cultural landscape	combination of cultural, economic and natural elements that make up my landscape
diffusion	spread of an idea/feature
expansion diffusion	diffusion in an additive process
relocation diffusion	diffusion through movement of people
hierarchical diffusion	expansion diffusion from people or nodes of authority to other persons/places
language branch	collection of languages within a family related through common ancestral language that existed several thousand years ago
language family	collection of languages within a super family related through common ancestral language that existed long before recorded history
dialect	a regional variety of a language distinguished by vocabulary, spelling and pronunciation
lingua franca	a language mutually understood commonly used in interactions by people who have different native languages
creole language	a fully formed language created by a mix of other languages (usually one is colonizers+native)
pidgin language	grammatically simplified language made up of 2 or more languages
contagious diffusion	rapid expansion diffusion widespread throughout the population
stimulus diffusion	expansion diffusion of underlying principles while other details change
ethnocentrism	evaluation of other cultures according to preconceptions originating in the standards and customs of ones own customs
cultural relativism	stepping back and look at the whole cultural picture before judging (or dont judge at all)
uniform/homogeneous landscape	the spatial expression of a popular custom in one location being similar to one another
language group	a collection of languages within branch that share a common origin in the relatively recent past
centripetal force	a cultural value that tends to unify people
centrifugal force	a cultural value that tends to pull people apart
universalizing religion	a religion that attempts to operate on a global scale and to appeal to all people wherever they reside
ethnic religion	a religion which primarily attracts one group of people living in one place with a common ancestry
assimilation	process of a minority group or culture adopting the dominant groups culture and becoming the same
acculturation	balancing of two cultures while adapting to the prevailing culture of the society
syncretism	when aspects of different cultures blend together to form something new and unique
commercial agriculture	farming for a profit
subsistence agriculture	farming for your household
slash and burn	form of shifting cultivation, vegetation is cut down and burned off before new seeds are sown
terraces	a series of leveled flat areas resembling steps
deforestation	clearing a wide area of trees
desertification	processes by which fertile land becomes desert
soil salinization	soil gets salty
double cropping	two harvests in the same field in the same year
intensive agriculture	large amounts of labor and money is used relative to the land area
extensive agriculture	small amounts of labor and money is used relative to the land area
2nd Agricultural Revolution	innovations in breeding practices and tools lead to a food surplus and allowed the growth of cities to increase, coincides with Industrial Revolution, early 1700s
Green Revolution/ 3rd Agricultural Revolution	rapid diffusion of new age techniques especially in high yield seeds and fertilizers after WWll mid 1900s
food security	peoples ability to access sufficient safe nutritious food to maintain a healthy and active life
food desert	an area in a developed country where healthy food is difficult to obtain no car AND supermarket 1+ mile away
horticulture	growing fruits veggies and flowers
milk shed	the area surrounding a city from which milk is supplied
monocropping	an agricultural method that utilizes large planting of a single species of variety year after year
0rganic agriculture	approach to farming and ranching that avoids herbicides pesticides growth hormones and other synthetic inputs
imperialism	a policy of extending a country's power/influence through diplomacy or military force
balkanization	a multinational country breaking up along ethnic lines
devolution	a transfer/delegation of power to a lower level especially by central gov to local or regional administration
irredentism	a policy advocating the restoration to a country of any territory formerly belonging to it
chokepoint	a narrow passage on land or sea that is an important passage route
shatter belts	strategic geographic areas that are positioned between great powers and divided between the two, usually heavily conflicted
neocolonism	the use of economic, political, cultural or other pressures to control/influence other countries especially former dependencies
territoriality	a country or community's attachment to an area as expressed by its determination to keep/defend it
international boundary	boundary between two sovereign nations
internal boundary	boundary within a nation
geometric boundary	boundary formed by arcs or straight lines despite physical/cultural features of the land
physical boundaries	boundary matching with significant features of natural land
relic boundary	boundary no longer functioning but still detectable
superimposed boundary	boundary imposed on an area by conquering/colonizing power and ignoring previous boundaries/cultures
cultural boundaries	international/internal running along cultural features such as language religion or ethnicity
redistricting	process of redrawing or drawing political districts
gerrymandering	manipulation of political boundaries to give advantage to one group over another
enclave	a territory that is completely surrounded by another territory
ethnic enclave	geographic area with a high ethnic concentration different from the surrounding area
ethnoburb	a suburban area with a noticeable cluster of an ethnic majority
redlining	process where financial institutions draw red colored line and map and refuse to lend money for people to purchase or improve property within lines
block busting	process where real estate agents convince white property owners to sell their houses at low prices because of fear for new colored neighbors
white flight	migration of white people from areas becoming more racially/ethnically diverse
apartheid	legal separation of races into different geographic areas in south africa (ended in 1991)
nation	1- a country 2-a large group of people who are united by common cultural characteristics or by shared history
nation-state	state whose territory corresponds to that occupied by a particular nation
nationalism	a loyalty and devotion to a nation promoting a national consciousness that exalts one nation above others
ethnic cleansing	a purposefully policy designed to remove an ethnicity/religious group by violent and terror-inspiring means from an area
genocide	mass killing of a group of people in an attempt to eliminate them from existence
sovereignty	ability of a state to govern its territory and foreign affairs free from outside control
state	area organized into a political unit, established government, ruler over own affairs, permanent population residents
multinational state	a country that contains two or more nations with some sovereignty that co-exist peacefully
multi state nation	one nation or people spread across more than one state
multiethnic state	a state with multiple ethnicities not divided up by territories
microstate	a very small country
self determination	the concepts that ethnicities have the right to govern themselves
supranational organization	a multinational union in which member countries cede some authority and sovereignty for the good of the group
city state	a type of microstate comprised of a city and the surroundings
autonomous region	an area of a country that has a degree of freedom (autonomy) from external authority
semi-autonomos region	grated SOME freedom from a larger controlling region
colonialism	an attempt by one country to establish settlements and to impose its political economic and cultural principles in another territory
GDP, GNP, GNI	gross domestic product, gross national product, gross national income, the value of the total output of goods/services produced in a country in a year
HDI	human development index, developed by the UN to measure a country's development level, income, education, life expectancy
inequality adjusted HDI	a modified HDI to account for inequality
GII	Gender inequality index, measure the country's gender inequality, health, empowerment, labor market
uneven development	the increasing gap in economic conditions within some countries and between core and peripheral countries due to economic development
dependency theory	the theory that resources flow from the periphery to the core the benefit MDC at the expense of LDC
microloans	small loans given to people in LDCs to start a small business/improve living conditions
commodity dependence	an economy relies on the export of primary commodities for more than 60% of earnings
ecotourism	tourism directed towards exotic often threatened natural environments to support conservation
UN sustainable development goals	UN's collection of 17 interlinked goals to achieve a more sustainable future made in 2015 hoped to be achieved by 2030
agglomeration	a collection of things economics-collection of firms/industries that locate near eachother
Just-in-time delivery	process of making/delivering products at the exact time they are needed, you get supplies as you go
outsourcing	contracting work abroad
free trade zone/ export pro	an area where goods may be imported/stored, handled, manufactured or reconfigured reported under specific custom regulations and often no taxes
central place	marker area for the exchange of services by people from the surrounding area
range	the maximum distance people are willing to travel to use a service
threshold	the minimum number of people needed to support a service
market area/ hinterland	the area surrounding a central place
central place theory	walter christaller's theory that settlements serve as central places providing service to surrounding areas
primate city rule	type of settlement pattern, the largest settlement has more than 2x as many people as the 2nd ranking settlement
rank size rule	type of settlement pattern, the nth largest settlement is 1/nth the population of the largest settlement
gravity model	predicts the interaction between two cities, interaction is directly impacted by population and inversely by distance
metropolitan statistical area	measures to functional area of an urban settlement and created with a census data, overlapping urbanized areas
urbanized area	area with at least 50,000 people
urban cluster	area with 2500-50,000 people
CBD	central business district, area of a city where retail and office activities cluster
squatter/informal settlement	residential area where occupants have no legal claim to land (not legal buildings), slums
sprawl	unrestricted growth in urban areas over large expanses fo land with little concern for urban planning
zoning	laws governing how land can and cannot be used
mixed land use	contains 2 or more major types of land uses (residential, commercial, institutional)
new urbanism	part of the smart growth movement, based on principles like -walkable communities, housing and shopping close, public spaces
sustainable design/ smart growth policies	urban design that considers the environmental/social/economic impacts (preventing sprawl)
greenbelts	zoning laws the keep areas of largely undeveloped/wild/agricultural lands surrounding urban areas
slow growth cities	urban communities where the planners have put smart growth initiatives into place to decrease the rate the city grows horizontally for spread
gentrification	process of poor urban areas changing by wealthy middle class people moving in and improving the area (often driving out the poor)
exurbs	the small communities lying beyond the suburbs of a city
boomburg	a large, rapidly growing city that remains essentially suburban in character
brownfields	land previously used for commercial/industrial use and is contaminated
self sufficiency path	limit imports, isolation, equal investment/ income but bad for international relationships
international trade path	focusing on specific goods and trading a lot with other countries but leads to uneven development
Rostows 5 stages of development	traditional society, preconditions take off, take off, drive to maturity
formal region	uniform, everyone shares at least one common characteristic that can be proven
functional region	nodal, has a central focal point and functions around this point with the principle of distance decay
vernacular/ perceptual region	perceptual, based off of perception with no definite borders and characteristics or views can vary
site	the physical characteristics of a place
situation/ relative location	characteristics of how a place relates to something else
Demographic Transition model	model to show how a country develops over time by warren thompson
CBR	crude birth rate, how many babies are born in a year
CDR	crude death rate, how many people die in a year
NIR	natural increase rate, the rate at which the population is increasing
TFR	total fertility rate
IMR	infant mortality rate, how many babies die
life expectancy	how long someone is expected to live in a given country
arithmetic density	population divided by land area
physiological density	population divided by arable land
agricultural density	farmers divided by arable land
reference maps	shows boundaries, location names, roads, railroads, coastlines, rivers lakes, ect. ex-political map and physical map
thematic maps	maps specifically designed to show a particular theme connected with a specific geographical area
1st Agricultural Revolution	10,000 years ago, coincided with the end of the ice age
livestock ranching	commercial agriculture in developed countries in temperate climates, meat milk eggs causes greenhouse grasses and overgrazing
mediterranean agriculture	commercial agriculture in developed countries in dry climates making plants like grapes, nuts, and citrus
commercial gardening/truck farming/ fruit farming	commercial agriculture in developed countries located anywhere with fruits, small vegetables, mushrooms and other small crops is very environmentally friendly
Mixed crop and livestock agriculture	commercial agriculture found in both developed and developing countries like in europe and the US midwest making things like dairy, meat, grains
dairy agriculture	commercial agriculture in developed countries making dairy products with lots of greenhouse gas emissions
grain agriculture	commercial agriculture in developed countries on plains with a dry climate and mild temperature making rye, corn, barley oats what ect but too much mono cropping
shifting cultivation agriculture	subsistence agriculture in developing countries found in tropical rainforests making millet, yam, sorghum, cassava and maize when you plant in rings and slash and burn
pastoral nomadism	subsistence agriculture in developing countries found in meadows and valleys with arid climates too dry for crops with seasonal movements with animals
plantations	commercial agriculture in developing countries planting lots and lots of cash crops in the tropics or subtropics with cheap labor
intensive subsistence wet rice dominant	subsistence agriculture in developing countries in east asia in river valleys making wet rice with terraces and flooding
intensive subsistence wet rice NOT dominant	subsistence agriculture in developing countries making cash crops in asia dry summers and harsh winters with man and animal power and crop rotations
autocracy	a government with one person in charge, usually getting power through force and high control
democracy	a government led by the citizens and their representatives with elections and legislatures and human rights
anocracy	a government with a power struggle between autocracy and democracy with instability in a transition phase with conflict
unitary	government organization where power is in the hands of a central government
confederation	government organization with number of parties or groups in an alliance or league
federal	government organization that allocates strong power to units of local government AND a central government
communism	economic political system where everything is publicly owned according to your needs, usually very high control and limited rights
capitalism	supply and demand economic system based on choice and agreement controlled by private owners who supply rather than the state
Territorial waters	12 miles from shore, all countries laws apply and no foreign passage allowed
contiguous zone	24 miles from shore, state has control over immigration, customs, taxes but innocent passage is allowed
Exclusive economic zone	200 miles from shore, all resources below to the country
international waters	no country has claim over these waters or anything in them
Concentric Zone Model	urban model created by Burgess showing cities growing in rings out from the CBD
Sector model	urban model created by Hoyt showing cities growing in sectors from the CBD to the outer edge
multi nuclei model	urban model created by Harris and Ullman showing cities with multiple nodes with functioning areas around it
Galactic city model	urban model created by Harris showing inner city surrounded by large suburban residential areas and nodes tied together by a beltway/ring road
basic businesses	selling to consumers OUTSIDE settlement for economic base
nonbasic businesses	selling INSIDE settlement
infrastructure	fundamental facilities that serve as the foundations for settlements/services
isolated dwelling	1-5 buildings, no services
hamlet	less than 100 people (very few services)
village	100-1000 people (few services)
town	1000-20,000 people (more services)
city	more than 20,000 people (all services)
metropolis	city AND suburbs, more than 1,000,000 people
conurbation	group of cities and suburbs 1,000,000-3,000,000 people
megalopolis	group of conurbations more than 10,000,000 people
megacity	over 10,000,000 people
world cities	cities with a dominant role in global stuff
metacity	over 20,000,000 people
core country	wealthy more developed country that other countries depend on
periphery country	less developed country
semi periphery	developing, industrializing, mostly capitalist, in between LDC and MDC
endangered language	a language that children are no longer learning and its remaining speakers use it less frequently
isolated language	a language that is unrelated to any other and not attached to a language family
athiest	believing god does not exist
agnostic	believing gods existence cant be proven or disproven empirically
fundamentalism	a literal interpretation and a strict/instese adherence to the basic principles of a religion, groups that mix politics with aspects of religion and claim their views as the only right ones
terroir	the sum of the effects on a particular food item or soil, climate, and other features of the local environment
development	the process of improving the conditions of people through diffusion of knowledge and technology
GNI	gross national income, the value of the output of goods/services produced in a country in a year
PPP	purchasing power parity, an adjustment made to GNI to account for differences among countries in the cost of goods
GDP	gross domestic product, the value of the output of goods/services produced in a country in a year
per capita	per person
primary sector	activities directly extracting materials from earth through agriculture
secondary sector	manufacturers that process, transform, assemble raw materials into useful products/ industries that fabricate manufactured goods into finished consumer goods
tertiary sector	the provision of goods/services to people in exchange for payment
productivity	the value of a product compared to labor needed to make it
pupil/teacher ratio	#students divided by # teachers, better to have a low ratio
literacy rate	percentage of country's people who can read/write
bulk-gaining industry	creation of products that is larger at the end of the manufacturing process
bulk-reducing industry	creation of a product that is smaller at the end of the manufacturing process
Weber's least cost theory	theory that to locate the cheapest place to put your factor consider location of inputs, cost of transportation and location of market
break of bulk points	a point in transportation where goods are transferred
complementarity	a situation where two businesses/economics complement/depend on each other
comparative advantage	an economy's ability to produce a particular good/service at a lower opportunity cost than others
quaternary sector	economic sector with intellectuals such as research and science
quinary sector	gold collar sector with administrative people such as CEOs bosses or government
high valued manufactoring	things worth more than their raw materials
GIScience	Geographic Information Science, the analysis of data about Earth acquired through satellite and other electronic information technologies
GIS	geographic information system, captures, stores, queries and displays the geographic data, produces maps that are more accurate than hand drawn stuff
photogrammertry	the science of taking measurements of earths surface from photographs
remote sensing	the acquisition of data about earths surface from a satellite orbiting earth or from other long distance methods
GPS	global positioning system, a system that determines the precise position of something on earth
geotagging	identification and storage of a piece of information by its precise latitude and longitude coordinates
VGI	volunteered geographic information, the creation and dissemination of geographic data contributed voluntarily and for free by individuals
citizen science	scientific research by amateur scientists
PGIS	participatory geographic information science, community-based mapping
mashup	a map that overlays data from one source on top of a map provided by a mapping service
API	the language that links a data base such as address list with software such as mapping software
mental map	a personal representation of a portion of earths surface
map scale	the level of detail and the amount of area covered on a map, the relationship of a features size on a map to its actual size on earth
projection	the scientific method of transferring locations on earths surface to a flat map
Winkel projection	map projection, size is good, shape is good except for a few ellipse
Mercator projection	map projection, size is bad, shape is good, direction bad rectangular
Goode Homolosine projection	map projection, land masses too big in comparison to ocean, size and shape is good orange peel
Gall-Peters projection	map projection, size is good, shape is bad rectangle
meridian/ longitude	arc on earth connecting north and south poles
parallel/latitude	circle drawn around the globe parallel to the equator at right angle to meridians
prime meridian	0* longitude
isoline map	map type, connects with lines all the places that have particular values
dot distribution map	map type, depicts data as points and shows how those points are clustered together or spread out over and area
choropleth map	map type, recognizable areas are shaded or pattered in a proportion to the measurement of the variable
graduated symbol map	map type, displays symbols that change in size according to the value of the variable
cartogram	map type, the size of a country or state is proportional to the value of a particular variable
location	the position that something occupies on earths surface
absolute location	the position of a place in a way that never changes
language	a system of signs, sounds, gestures and marks that have meanings understood within a cultural group
ethnicity	identity with a group of people who share the cultural traditions of a particular homeland or hearth
religion	the principal system of attitudes, beliefs, and practices through which people worship in an organized way
spatial association	when the distribution of one feature is related to the distribution of another feature
globalization	a force or process that involves the entire world and results in making something worldwide in scope
transnational corporation	a company that conducts research, operates factories or sells products in MANY countries, not just where its headquarters and principal shareholders are located
postructuralist geography	geography examining how the powerful in a society dominate or seek to control less powerful groups, how the dominated groups occupy space and confrontations that result from the domination
humanistic geography	geography emphasizing the different ways that individuals form ideas about place and give those places symbolic meanings
behavioral geography	geography emphasizing the importance of understanding the psychological basis for individual human actions in space
uneven development	the increasing gap in economic conditions between regions in the core and periphery that results from the globalization of the economy
the three major world cities	New York, London, Tokyo
hearth	a place from which something originates
meme	contagious diffusion specifically through social media or the internet
distance decay	the farther away something is the less they interact
space-time compression	the reduction in the time it takes for something to reach another place
network	chain of communication that connects places
environmental determinism	theory that the physical environment causes social development
possibilism	the physical environment may limit some human actions but people have the ability to adjust to their environment
polder	a piece of land created by draining water from an area by the Dutch
UTC	coordinated universal time, the time at the prime meridian and the master reference for all time on earth
international date line	an arc that for the most part follows 180* longitude, when crossed you either go forward or back 24 hours
cultural ecology	a geographic approach that emphasizes human-environment relationships
mental map	a representation of a portion of earths surface based on what an individual knows about a place that contains personal impressions of what is in the place and where the place is located
demographic transition stage 1	high CBR, high CDR, low NIR
demographic transition stage 2	high CBR, rapid declining CDR, very high NIR
demographic transition stage 3	rapid declining CBR, declining CDR, moderate NIR
demographic transition stage 4	low CBR, low CDR, 0 or negative NIR
medical revolution	medical technology invented in europe
industrial revolution	conjunction of major improvements in manufacturing goods
MMR	maternal mortality rate, the annual number of female deaths per 100,000 live births from any cause related to or aggravated by pregnancy
sex ratio	number of males per 100 females
potential support ratio/ elderly support ratio	the number of working age people divided by the number of people 65 and older
population pyramid	a bar graph that displays the percentage of a places population for each age and gender
dependency ratio	the number of people who are too young or too old to work compared to the number of people in their productive years
epidemiologic transition	focusing on distinctive health threats in each stage of the demographic transition
epidemiologic transition stage 1	stage of demographic transition characterized by pestilence and famine
epidemiologic transition stage 2	stage of demographic transition characterized by receding pandemics
epidemiologic transition stage 3	stage of demographic transition characterized by degenerative diseases
epidemiologic transition stage 4	stage of demographic transition characterized by delayed degenerative and lifestyle diseases
demographic transition stage 5	theoretical, very low CBR, increasing CDR, declining NIR
epidemiologic transition stage 5	stage of demographic transition characterized by evolution of diseases and poverty and increased connections
Thomas Malthus	british economist, one of the first to argue that the worlds rate of population increase was far outrunning the development of food supplies
neo-malthusians	believers that food production will not be able to handle growing population growth
doubling time	the number of years needed to double a population, assuming a constant rate of increase
migration	a permanent move to a new location
circulation	short-term, repetitive or cyclical movements that recur on a regular basis such as daily monthly or annually
Ravensteins migration principles	distance, reason why, migrants characteristics
migration transition	the change in the migration pattern in a society that results from the social and economic changes that also produce the demographic transition
migration transition stage 1	stage of demographic transition characterized by high daily or seasonal mobility in search of food
migration transition stage 2	stage of demographic transition characterized by high international emigration and interregional migration from rural to urban areas
migration transition stage 3	stage of demographic transition characterized by high international immigration and intraregional migration from cities to suburbs
interregional migration	movement from one region of a country to another
intraregional migration	movement within one region
emigration	migration FROM a location
immigration	migration TO a location
net migration	the difference between the number of immigrants and the number of emigrants
counterurbanization	net migration from urban to rural areas
remittance	the transfer of money by workers to people in the country from which they emigrated
unauthorized immigrants	people who enter a country without proper documents
brain drain	emigration by talented people
circular migration	the temporary movement of a migrant worker
immigration quota	in reference to migration a law that places maximum limits on the number of people who can immigrate to the country each year
taboo	restriction on behavior imposed by religious law or social custom
cultural homogenization	spread of popular culture across larger spaces results in loss of localized folk culture diversity and convergence of cultural preferences
franchise	an agreement between a corporation and businesspeople to market that corporations products in a local area
institutional language	language used in education, work, mass, media and government
developing language	language used in daily use by people of all ages
vigorous language	language in daily use by people of all ages but lacks literary tradition
threatened language	language used for face to face communication but is losing users
dying language	language used by older people but not being transmitted to children
literary tradition	language written as well as spoken
logograms	symbols that represent words or meaningful parts of words
official language	language used by government to enact legislation, publish documents and conduct other public business
working language	language designated by an international organization or corporation as its primary means of communication for daily correspondence and conversation
standard language	dialect of a language that is well establish and widely recognized as the most acceptable for government business and education and mass communication
mutual intelligibility	the ability of people speaking in two ways to readily understand each other without prior familiarity or special effort, usually between dialects
extinct language	language that was once used by people in daily activities but is no longer in use
four largest religions	Christianity, Muslim/Islam, Hinduism, Buddhism
congregation	a local assembly of persons brought together for common religious worship
denomination	religious term uniting a number of local congregations in a single legal and administrative body
branch	a large and fundamental division within a religion
polytheism	worshipping multiple gods
monotheism	believing there is only one God
Abrahamic origin religions	christianity, islam, judaism
pagodas	buddhist relics believed to contain portions of buddhas body or clothing
Muhammad	islamic religious figure
pilgrimage	important journey to holy place sometimes used as rituals
Guatama	buddhist religious figure
mosques	islamic place for worship
church	christian place for worship
gurdwara	sikh place for worship
synogogues	jewish place for worship
utopian settlement	a community built to reflect the ideals of a particular religious or social group
autonomous religon	self sufficient religion with little and loose cooperation and shared ideas
cosmogony	set of religious beliefs concerning the origin of the universe
dalai lama	chinese buddhist religious figure
ghetto	during the middle ages a neighboorhood in a city set up by law to be inhabited only by jews, now used to denote a section of a city in which members of any minority group live because of social legal or economic discrimination
race	identity with a group of people who are perceived to share a physiological trait
triangular slave trade	trading pattern of slaves in the 18th century
sharecropping	working fields rented from a landowner and pays the rent by turning over to the landowner a share of the crops
Kurds	ethnic group in western asia in Turkey, Iran, Syria and Iraq
city-state	micro state comprising a city and its surrounding countryside
colony	a territory that is legally tired to a sovereign state rather than being completetly independent
weapon of mass destruction	a nuclear, biological, chemical or other weapon that can kill and bring significant harm to a large number or humans or cause great damage to human made structures, natural structures or the biosphere
EU	european union, made to heal scars from WWll
COMECON	Council for mutual economic assistance, designed to promote trade and sharing of natural resources in communist eastern europe
eurozone	europe all using the euro as currency in effort to strengthen economies
NATO	north atlantic treaty organization, a military alliance among democratic states in europe plus US and canada
the warsaw pact	a military agreement among communist eastern european countries
terrorism	the threatened or actual use of illegal force and violence by a nonstate actor to attain a political economic religious or social goal through fear coercion or intimidation
perforated state	a state that completely surrounds another one
compact state	state where the distance from the center to any boundary does not vary significantly kinda like a circle
elongated states	state with long and narrow shape, may struggle with communication internally or isolation from capitals
fragmented state	state with several discontinuous pieces of territory
prorupted state	an otherwise compact state with a large projecting extension
landlocked state	state with no direct outlet to a sea because it is completely surrounded by other countries
cracking	form of gerrymandering where like-minded voters are spread thin to prevent them from reaching a majority
packing	form of gerrymandering where like-minded voters are packed into one district to prevent them from affecting elections in other districts
dietary energy consumption	the amount of food that an individual consumes
cereal grain	grass that yields grain for food
cash crop	crop grown for sale rather than for the farmers own use
crop rotation	the practice of rotating use of different fields from copr to crop each year to avoid exhausting the soil
wet rice	rice planted on dry land in a nursery and then moved as seedlings to a flooded field to promote growth
sawah/paddy	flooded rice field in indonesia
fallow	nothing planted on a crop
frequent relocation agriculture	form of shifting cultivation: farmers grow crops on a cleared field for only a few years until soil nutrients are depleted and then leave for many years so soil can recover
transhumance	seasonal migration of livestock between mountains and lowland pasture areas
overfishing	capturing fish faster than they can reproduce
aquaculture/aquafarming	the cultivation of seafood under controlled conditions
agribusiness	systems of commercial farming including food processing, packaging, storage, distribution, retailing
first ring von Thunen model	market gardens, milk producers
second ring von Thunen model	wood, timber
third ring von Thunen model	crops, pasture
fourth ring von Thunen model	animal grazing
von Thunen model	model for proximity to market choice without consideration for topographic factors
GMO	genetically modified organism, posseses a novel combination of genetic material obtained through the use of modern biotechnology
organic agriculture	farming that depends on the use of naturally occurring substances which prohibiting synthetic substances
conservation tillage	method of soil cultivation reducing soil erosion and runoff
no tillage	leaving all soil undisturbed
ridge tillage	system of planting crops on ridge tops
wallersteins world systems theory	in an increasingly unified world economy, developed countries form an inner core area whereas developing countries occupy peripheral locations
female labor participation rate	the percentage of women holding full time jobs outside the home
adolescent fertility rate	the number of births per 1000 women ages 15-19
the four dragons	singapore, south korea, taiwan, hong kong
FDI	foreign direct investment, investment made by a foreign company in the economy of another country
stimulus strategy	governments spend more money than they collect taxes, stimulate economy by putting people to work
austerity strategy	government should sharply reduce taxes, spending cut
structural adjustment program	contains economic reforms or adjustments such as economic goals strategies for achieving the objectives and external financing requirements
fair trade	international trade that provides greater equity to workers and small businesses in developing countries
cottage industry system	home based manufactoring
capital	the funds to establish new factories or modernize existing ones
demand	the quantity that people wish to consume and are able to buy
supply

Created by: johnssyd007

Popular AP Human Geography sets

1.1, 1.4

introduction to maps

Scale of analysis and Regional analysis

Geographic Data, Spacial concepts, Human-Environmental interaction

1.2, 1.3, 1.5, 1.6, 1.7

FIRST SET OF VOCAB

Second set of pop vocab

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