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Patho Final (part 2)
Nightingale College Pathophysiology Final Part 2 of 3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| _____ is a pulmonary disease that causes increased co2 concentrations in the arterial blood. Caused by hypoventilation of alveoli from a decreased drive to breath or respond to ventilation stimuli | Hypercapnia |
| Depression of respiratory center by drugs, infection, trauma, polio, airway obstruction, emphysema, spinal pathway abnormalities, diseases of neuromuscular junction and respiratory muscles can all lead to _____ | Hypercapnia |
| ______ is a pulmonary disease that causes reduced oxygenation of arterial blood caused by respiratory alterations from problems with: oxygen delivery to the alveoli, diffusion of oxygen from alveoli to blood and perfusion of pulmonary system | Hypoxemia |
| Cyanosis, confusion, tachycardia, edema, reduced renal output, organ infarction, increased pulmonary artery pressure and Right side heart failure or cor pumonale are all symptoms of | Hypoxemia |
| Pao2 < 60 | Hypoxemia |
| Pao2 > 7.25 | hypercapnic |
| Inadequate gas exchange leading to hypoxemia or hypercapnia from direct injury to the lungs, airway, chest wall or diseases or injury to the brain, spinal cord or heart is called _____ | Acute Respiratory Failure |
| A potential complication of any major surgery especially surgeries to the CNS, thorax and upper abdomen. | Acute Respiratory Failure |
| Smoking, obesity, lung disease, limited cardiac reserve, neurolgical diseases, chronic renal failure, chronic hepatic diseases and infection put you at high risk for | Acute Respiratory Failure |
| _______ is caused by the chest wall being deformed, traumitized, immobilized, or heavy from fat. causing the work to breath to be increased and ventilation to be compromised | Chest Wall Restriction |
| ______ is the presence of air or gas in the plural space from a rupture in the visceral plura or parietal pleura | Pneumothorax |
| A ________ destroys the negative pressure which disrupts the elastic recoil force of the lungs. It can lead to a mediastinal shift | Pneumothorax |
| A type of pnuemothorax that happens unexpectedly in healthy individuals. Usually men 20 to 40 due to a rupture of Blebs | Primary Pneumothorax |
| A type of pnuemothorax that is caused by chest trauma, emphysema or mechanical ventilation | Secondary Pneumothoraxx |
| In a _____ pneumothorax, air is able to move back out and the lung only partially collapses | Open |
| In a _____ Pneumothorax a one way valve is formed. Air enters but can't leave and the lung is compressed. Causing atelectasis and displacement of organs. This condition is life threatening. | Tension |
| _______ is when there is fluid in the pleural space usually from blood or lymph vessels | Pleural Effusion |
| Decreased oncotic pressure in blood vessels from cardiovascular, liver or kidney disease leads to this watery type of pleural effusion | Transudative |
| Increased capillary permeability from infection, inflammation or malignancy leads to pleural effusion full of white blood cells and plasma protiens | Exudative |
| Pnumonia, infection, abscess and infected wounds can lead to puss filled pleural effusion. This is called ________ | Empyema |
| Trauma, surgery, rupture or malignancy that damages the blood vessels leads to a blood filled pleural effusion called | Hemothorax |
| Trauma surgery, infection or a disorder of the lymp transport system can lead to a pleural effusion filled with Chyle -a milky fluid containing lymph and fat - this is called.... | Chylothorax |
| Collapse of lung tissue is called a | Atelectasis |
| ______ atelectasis is when external pressure from a tumor, fluid or air in the pleural space or abdominal distension presses on the lung causing alveoli collapse | Compression |
| ________ atelectasis also called ________ is from obstruced or hypoventilated alveoli as air is gradually absorbed out of the lungs into the blood | Obstructive or Absorption |
| _______________ or __________ atelectasis results from decreased surfactant that reduces the surface tension of the alveoli. Usually seen in premature infants and serious lung injury from aspiration, ARDS, anethesia and mechanical venitlation | Surfactant impairment or adhesive |
| Dyspnea, cough, fever, leukocytosis are all symptoms of ________ which may be mistaken for infection | Atelectasis |
| Deep breathing, frequent position changes and early ambulation post surgery can all prevent | Atelectasis |
| Inflammation and injury to the alveolocapillary membrane leading to pulmonary edema. Characterized by three microscopic lung changes - exudative, proliferative, fibrotic | ARDS - Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome |
| Inflammation and imbalance between porteases and antiporteases, oxidative stress and apoptosis which leads to the destruction of alveoli due to the breakdown of elastin with in the septa | Emphysema |
| Lesions in large air spaces (bullae) and lung tissue (blebs) which causes difficult expiration and air trapping. This leads to an increased work to breath and hypoentilation with possible cor pulmonale | Emphysema |
| Chronic pressure overload in the right ventricle which increases the work load leading to hypertrophy. This eventually progresses to dialation and failure of the Right Ventricle | Cor Pulmonale |
| A cancer that arises from the glands of the lungs | Adenocarcinoma of the lung |
| Tobacco smoking and cancer predisposition lead to tumor development. Once cancer cells are triggered tumor development is promoted by growth factors that alter cell growth and produce inflammatory mediatiors | Adenocarcinoma of the lung |
| The classic symptom of __________________ is a productive cough. Patients will always have prolonged expiration. Latent disease will have dyspnea | Chronic Bronchitis |
| Common symptoms of __________ include h/o smoking, cyanosis, chronic hypoventilation, polycythemia and cor pulmonale. They may also occasionally have a barrel chest and intermittent wheezing | Chronic Bronchitis |
| The classic symptom of ___________ is a barrel chest and patients will always have prolonged expiration . Latent disease will show chronic hypoventilation, polycythemia and cor pulmonale | Emphysema |
| ________ patients may also have dyspnea, wheezing and a h/o smoking and sometimes cyanosis. If they have an infection they will also have a productive cough. | Emphysema |
| This disease only shows symptoms when it is active. Symptoms appear gradually and go unnoticed until the disease is advanced | Tuberculosis |
| Symptoms of ____ include fatigue, weight loss, lethargy, anorexia, afternoon low grade fever, slowly developing cough, purulent sputum, night sweats, anxiety, dyspnea, chest pain and hemoptysis | TB |
| Kidney stones, tumors of the kidney and compression or strictures from kidney tumors can lead to | Obstruction of the upper urinary tract |
| Calcium Oxolate phosphate, struvite, uric acid and crystaline are all types of | Kidney Stones |
| The treatment for _________ is based on the presenting symptoms, location, severity of obstruction and associated obstructive neuropathy | Kidney Stones |
| Managing pain, promoting passage, reducing the size of stones and preventing new stones is how you treat | Kidney Stones |
| Reducing urine ___________ by increasing flow rate and adjusting the _____ of urine can prevent stone formation | concentration / Ph |
| Bladder dysfunction caused by a neurological disorder is called | Neurogenic Bladder |
| Medications to stimulate bladder emptying, intermittent and indwelling caths are used to treat | Neurogenic Bladder |
| Neurogenic bladder leading to detrusor hyperreflexia caused by stroke, TBI, MS, hydrocephalu, Cerebral Palsy, Alzheimers and brain tumors -- is from and injury to what part of the spine | C2 and Up |
| Neurogenic Bladder leading to detrusor hyperreflexia with basio shpincter dyssynergia from a spinal cord injury C2-T12, MS, Transverse myelitis, Guillian-Barre or disk problems is from an injury to what part of the spine | C2 to S1 |
| Neurogenic Bladder leading to a contractile detrusor with or without urethral spincter incompetance from myelodysplasia, peripheral polyneuropathies, MS, tabes dorsalis, spine injury T12-S1, cauda equina syndroe or herpes is from an injury to | S1 and below |
| Detrusor Hyperreflexia is | Urgency and leakage |
| Vasioshpincter dyssynergia is | functional bladder outlet obstruction |
| Acontractile detrusor with or without urethral spincter incompetence is | Stress Urinary Incontinence |
| Inflammation of the bladder from infecting microrganisms which invade the urinary tract and then work backward or up the urethra to the bladder and possibly the ureter and kidneys | Cystitis |
| Ecoli, Staph, klebsiella, proteus, pseudomonas fungi, viruses, parasites, tuberculi and parasites can all lead to | Cystitis |
| Inflammation leading to urinary urgency and frequency, dysuria and suprapubic and low back pain -- are symptoms of | Cystitis |
| Antibiotics, removal of blockages and cultures for 1 year - treat | Cystitis |
| Interstitial cystitis, pain, pressure and discomfort lasting over 6 weeks in the abscence of infection, nocturia and small urine volume are symptoms of | Painful Bladder |
| An inflammatory response involving mast cells, altered epithelial permeability and increased nerve sensativity is the pathophysiology of | Painful bladder |
| There is not single effective cure for a | Painful Bladder |
| ____ is the infection of ore or both upper urinary tracts from kidney stones, pregnancy, neurogenic bladder, female sexual trauma, surgery, instrumentation or vesicourecteeral reflux | Acute Pyelonephritis |
| An infection that leads to white blood cells, renal inflammation, renal edema and purulent urine - possibly wit abscesses and necrosis of the renal papillae is | Acute Pyelonephritis |
| Fever, chills, flank and groin pain, urinary frequency, dysuria and costovertebral tenderness. are symptoms of..... In older adults the symptoms may be malaise and a low grade fever | Acute Pyelonephritis |
| It takes 2 to 3 weeks of ____________ specific antibiotics along with cultures for up to 4 weeks post infection to treat acute pyelonephritis. | Organism |
| A persistant and recurrent infection of the kidneys that leads to scarring | Chronic Pyelonephritis |
| Chronic UTIs, vesiocourteral reflux, kidney stones, and obstructive uropathy - NSAID use, ischemia, radiation and immuno-complex diseases can lead to | Chronic Pyelonephritis |
| symptoms of this infection are usually minimal and include hypertension, urinary frequency, dysuria and flank pain - but can lead to kidney failure | Chronic Pyelonephritis |
| Chronic pyelonephritis is treated by relief of __________ and prolonged ________ | obstruction / antibiotics |
| ______ and ______ syndromes are consequences of glomerular injury | nephritic and nephrotic |
| Excretion of 3.5 g or more of protein per day is indicitive of | Nephrotic Syndrome |
| Nephrotic syndrom occurs when glomerular filtration of plasma proteins (Albumin) exceeds tubular | reabsorbtion |
| Diabetes, amyloidosis, lupus, NSAIDS, infections, malignancies and vascular disorders can all cause | Nephrotic syndromes |
| Hematuria and RBC in the urine with proteinuria occuring with an infection related to glomerulonephritis and rapid progressive crescentic glomerulonephritis is indicitive of | Nephritic Syndrom |
| An injury that leads to increased permeability of the glomerular filtration and loss of negative charge leads to | Nephritic Syndrome |
| Symptoms of a nephritic syndrome include edema, hypproteeinemia, hyperlipidemia, lipiduria, vit D deficiency and | hypothyroidism |
| If a 24 hour urine shows ____ levels of protein and ___ levesl of serum albumin with possible fat this patient may have a nephritic syndrome | high / low |
| Protein restriction, low fat, salt restriction and diuretics, anticoagulants, ace inhibitors, glucocorticoids and angiotension blockers are used to treat | Nephrotic Syndrom |
| The treatment for _____ is similar to the treatment of nephrotic syndrome but includes plasmapheresis and dialysis | Nephretic Syndrome |
| The most significant risk factor for chronic kidney disease is | diabetes |
| Chronic kidney disease is the progressive loss of _____ function associated with diabetes, hypertension, lupus, vascular disorders and infections | Renal |
| ______ can cause wide ranging symptoms in the bones, lungs, cardiovascular system, brain and nervous system, anemia, gastrointestinal issues, yellowing skin and puritis, infection, cancer and sexual dysfunction | Chronic Kidney Disease |
| Treatment for ____ is based on the symptoms and area affected but generally requires routine dialysis or transplant | CKD |
Created by:
Jslatter
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