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| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| ASO test | Antistreptolysin O (ASO) is a blood test used to help diagnose a current or past infection with group A strep (Streptococcus pyogenes). It detects antibodies to streptolysin O, one of the many strep antigens. |
| Blood antibody test | A blood test checks to see whether your body has made antibodies to H. pylori bacteria. If you have antibodies to H. pylori in your blood, it means you either are currently infected or have been infected in the past. |
| Suitable for anaerobic culture: | Normally sterile body fluids, such as pleural, peritoneal, joint and cerebrospinal fluid, bile, etc. Surgical specimens from sites that normally are sterile.Deep abscess contents taken aseptically. Aspirates from deep wounds |
| Acid-Fast Staining: | Is an important diagnostic tool in the identification of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (the causative agent of tuberculosis), and Mycobacterium leprae, the bacterium that causes leprosy in humans. |
| Endospore stain | -differential stain -aims at detecting, identifying and differentiating an endospore from the vegetative cell - the vegetative forms will take up the pink/red stain from safranin while the endospores will stain green, from the malachite green dye. |
| Immunofluorescence (IF) | rely on the use of antibodies to label a specific target antigen with a fluorescent dye, such as fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) |
| Direct IF | - uses a single antibody directed against the target of interest. The primary antibody is directly conjugated to a fluorophore. |
| Indirect IF | - uses two antibodies. The primary antibody is unconjugated and a fluorophore-conjugated secondary antibody directed against the primary antibody is used for detection. |
| Enterococcus | γ - hemolysis [no haemolysis] -Enterococci or enteric cocci were also referred to as Group D Streptococci |
| BD Hektoen Enteric Agar | a moderately selective and differential medium for the isolation and cultivation of gram-negative enteric micro-organisms |
| bile-esculin test | The bile-esculin test is widely used to differentiate enterococci and group D streptococci, which are bile tolerant and can hydrolyze esculin to esculetin, from non-group D viridans group streptococci, which grow poorly on bile |
| Charcoal-yeast extract agar | a new bacteriological medium that supports excellent growth of the Legionella pneumophila |
| chocolate agar plate | The standard medium used for growth of H. influenzae - which can be prepared with heat-lysed horse blood, a good source of both hemin (factors X) and NAD (factor V) |
| Thayer-Martin | supplement that contains 4 antibiotics: vancomycin which inhibits gram-(+) organisms colistin which inhibits gram-(-) bacteria nystatin which inhibits yeasts and molds trimethoprim which is primarily added to inhibit swarming Proteus species |
| Löwenstein-Jensen medium, | LJ medium a selective egg-based selective medium. It contains congo red and malachite green to inhibit unwanted bacteria. |
| TCBS agar | contains Sodium citrate, sodium thiosulfate, oxgall, and cholate are selective agents which provide an alkaline pH to inhibit gram-positive organisms and suppress coliforms. |
| Catalase test | • Catalase may be a significant staphylococcal virulence factor. • Staphylococcal catalase protects intraphagocytic microbes by destroying hydrogen peroxide produced by the phagocyte |
| Coagulase test | • Coagulase is tightly bound to the surface of the bacterium S. aureus and can coat its surface with fibrin upon contact with blood. • The fibrin coat can therefore make the bacteria more virulent |
| DNase test | • This test is used to determine the ability of an organism to hydrolyze DNA. • DNases produced by bacteria are extracellular endonucleases that cleave DNA • HCl is added as an Indicator |
| Oxidase test | is produced by most Gram-negative bacteria but not by members of the Enterobacteriaceae. Oxidase-positive rules the latter out. |
| Streptococcus pyogenes | main representative of group A streptococci, is by far the most serious streptococcal pathogen. |
| Antigenic structure | M protein is strongly anti-phagocytic and is the major virulence factor for group A streptococci (Streptococcus pyogenes). |
| S. pyogenes detection | • A haemolytic exotoxin that belongs to a large family of cholesterol-dependent cytolysins (CDCs). • CDCs are secreted, monomeric proteins that bind to eukaryotic cells and promote cytolysis through the formation of transmembrane pores |
| multiplex-PCR | designed to detect the following genes: fbsA (Strep. agalactiae), lytA (Strep. pneumoniae), crtA (N. meningitidis), p6 (H influenzae), and 16S rRNA (any bacterial agent). |
| MALDI-TOF MS in microbiological diagnostics | can identify bacteria and yeast within minutes directly from colonies grown on culture plates or directly from patient samples, such as urine. |
| Rapid growth detection systems | -use quantitative PCR to detect growth. -these tests are performed in a series of ‘‘tubes,’’ some of which contain antimicrobials. -Growth can be assessed in the presence or absence of specific antimicrobials (at appropriate levels). |
| Minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) broth tests | Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) is the lowest concentration of a chemical, usually a drug, which prevents visible growth of a bacterium or bacteria. MIC depends on the microorganism, |
| Agar diffusion tests (Kirby-Bauer) | After overnight incubation, an area of inhibited growth is observed surrounding the paper disks or strips. |
| GENUS: STAPHYLOCOCCUS | S. aureus also produces a hemolysin called α-toxin that causes a wide, clear zone of beta-hemolysis on blood agar |
| S. aureus: Physiology and Structure | has 11 capsular serotypes: Serotypes 1 and 2 are associated with very thick capsules but are rarely associated with human disease. Serotypes 5 and 8 are associated with the majority of infections in humans |
| Staphylococcus Epidemiology | - Staphylococci are susceptible to high temperatures and disinfectants and antiseptic solutions - can be transferred to a susceptible person either through direct contact or through contact with fomites |
| Coagulase & staphylococcus | Of the 3 pathogenic staphylococcal species, only Staphylococcus aureus is coagulase positive |
| Clinical Diseases of Staphylococcus spp. | Honeymoon cystitis: caused from Escherichia coli. , Staphylococcus saprophyticus etc Sex increases the risk of S. saprophyticus UTIs because bacteria are displaced from the normal flora of the vagina into the urethra |
| S. aureus cell components | Peptidoglycan Half of the cell wall by weight is peptidoglycan, |
| Teichoic acids | Are species-specific, phosphatecontaining polymers that are bound covalently to Nacetylmuramic acid residues of the peptidoglycan layer or to the lipids in the cytoplasmic membrane (lipoteichoic acids). |
| Surface Adhesion Proteins | Most of these surface adhesion proteins are covalently bound to the cell wall peptidoglycan in staphylococci and have been designated MSCRAMM (microbial surface components recognizing adhesive matrix molecules) proteins. |
| Enzymes | Hyaluronidase ("Spreading Factor"): This protein breaks down proteoglycans in connective tissue Lipase: This enzyme degrades fats and oils, which often accumulate on the surface of our body. |
| Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome | A spectrum of diseases characterized by exfoliative dermatitis, is mediated by exfoliative toxins. |
| Enterotoxins | • Enterotoxins C and D are found in contaminated milk products, and enterotoxin B causes staphylococcal pseudomembranous enterocolitis. |
| Toxic Shock Syndrome toxin (TSST-1): | - analogous to the pyrogenic toxin produced by Lancefield group A beta-hemolytic streptococci, but is far more deadly. |
| Diseases Resulting from Direct Organ Invasion | -Pneumonia -Acute Endocarditis -Skin Infections -Wound infections |
| MRSA | strain of Staphylococcus aureus that has acquired multi-drug resistance, even against methicillin and nafcillin |
| Vancomycin | one of the few antibiotics useful in treating infections caused by MRSA, although organisms resistant even to vancomycin have been reported |
| Lancefield group: | Serologic grouping is based on group-specific cell wall antigens o Cell wall carbohydrates o Polysaccharide capsule of group B streptococci |
| M protein | This is a major virulence factor for the group A streptococcus. inhibits the activation of complement and protects the organism from phagocytosis. |
| Streptolysin O: | The O stands for oxygen labile as it is inactivated by oxygen This enzyme destroys red and white blood cells and is the reason for the betahemolytic group A streptococci's beta-hemolytic ability |
| Streptolysin S | The S stands for oxygen stabile. • This is also responsible for beta-hemolysis but is not antigenic. |
| S. pyogenes diseases | -With the advent of penicillin, rheumatic fever is now uncommon. -Acute post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis causes tea colored urine -Hematuria |
| Skin infections | can also be caused by Staph aureus. Treatment consists of penicillinase resistant like dicloxacillin, which covers both group A beta-hemolytic streptococci and Staphylococcus aureus. |
| GROUP B STREPTOCOCCI | • Neonates with meningitis do not present with a stiff neck, which is the classic sign seen in adults. • If you even suspect meningitis, you must act rapidly because every minute counts |
| Viridans Group Streptococci | Acute infective endocarditis is caused by a staphylococcal infection, often secondary to IV drug abuse, and is characterized by an abrupt onset of shaking chills, high spiking fevers, and rapid valve destruction. |
| S. pneumoniae | • Streptococcus pneumoniae is also the most common cause of otitis media (middle ear infection) in children and the most common cause of bacterial meningitis in adults. |
| E. faecalis & E. faecium | Some vancomycin-resistant strains of Enterococcus faecium or E. faecalis have no reliably effective treatment; or low-level resistance use ampicillin, gentamicin, or streptomycin |
| Pathogenic MTBC | Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTC or MTBC) is a genetically related group of Mycobacterium species that can cause tuberculosis in humans or other animals. |
| Mycobacterium africanum | a species of Mycobacterium that is most commonly found in West African countries, where it is estimated to cause up to 40% of pulmonary tuberculosis. The symptoms of infection resemble those of M. tuberculosis. |
| Mycobacterium bovis (M. bovis) | the causative agent of tuberculosis in cattle (known as bovine TB) |
| Mycosides | a complex glycopeptidolipids that are major immunogens in the cell walls of many mycobacteria. |
| Cord factor | inhibits neutrophil migration and damages mitochondria. |
| Wax D | is a complicated mycoside that acts as an adjuvant and may be the part of Mycobacterium tuberculosis that activates the protective cellular immune system. |
| Ghon complex | The combination of the Ghon focus, local lymphangitis and enlarged regional lymph nodes -The formation of the Ghon complex is often subclinical and is rarely seen on a chest radiograph. |
| Miliary Tuberculosis | a potentially life-threatening type of tuberculosis that occurs when a large number of the bacteria travel through the bloodstream and spread throughout the body. Tuberculosis. It usually affects the lungs. |
| Granuloma | defined as an inflammatory mononuclear cell infiltrate that, while capable of limiting growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, also provides a survival niche from which the bacteria may disseminate. |
| Type four hypersensitivity reaction | a cell-mediated reaction that can occur in response to contact with certain allergens resulting in what is called contact dermatitis or in response to some diagnostic procedures as in the tuberculin skin test. |
| Mycobacteria Growth Indicator Tube (MGIT) | is intended for the detection and recovery of mycobacteria. |
| PPD skin test / Mantoux test. | • The Mantoux test is a widely used test for latent TB. • It involves injecting a small amount of a substance called PPD tuberculin into the skin of your forearm. |
| Lepromatous leprosy (LL) | This is the severest form of leprosy because patients can NOT mount a cell mediated immune response to Mycobacterium leprae. |
| Nocardia Lab diagnosis | Buffered charcoal yeast extract (BCYE) agar is a selective growth medium used to culture or grow certain types of bacteria, particularly the Gramnegative species Legionella pneumophila and AFB Nocardia |
| Nocardia Mycetoma | Mycetoma is a chronic slow-growing infection which comes in either bacterial (actinomycetoma) or fungal (eumycetoma) form. |
| Bacillus spp | appear as long, thin, gram-positive rods arranged singly or in long chains can be observed with a contrasting stain |
| Anthrax | caused by an unusually large bacterium, Bacillus anthracis. Once its spores lodge in the skin or in the lungs, it rapidly begins growth and produces a deadly three-part toxin. |
| Lethal toxin | is a major virulence factor secreted by anthrax bacteria. It is composed of two proteins, PA (protective antigen) and LF (lethal factor). Anthrax toxin allows the bacteria to evade the immune system, proliferate, and ultimately kill the host. |
| heat-labile toxin | similar to the enterotoxin of cholera and the LT from Escherichia coli causes nausea, abdominal pain and diarrhea, lasting 12-24 hours. |
| heat-stable toxin | produces a clinical syndrome similar to that of Staphylococcus aureus food poisoning, with a short incubation period followed by severe nausea and vomiting, with limited diarrhea. |
| Clostridium botulinum | If the food with the spores is not cooked sufficiently, and is then placed into an anaerobic environment (like a glass jar, can, or zip-lock freezer bag), Clostridium botulinum matures and synthesizes its neurotoxin |
| Clostridium tetani | Tetany occurs after the tetanus toxin is taken up at the neuromuscular junction and is transported to the central nervous system. There the toxins prevent the release of GABA and glycine, which inhibit neurotransmitters. |
| Prophylactic immunization | - Formalin-inactivated toxin - Booster serves to regenerate the circulating antibodies against tetanus toxin. The protection from tetanus only lasts about 10 years so booster shots of tetanus are given every 10 years. |
| Clostridium perfringens | Deep wounds with lots of dead tissue create an anaerobic environment that offers an excellent home for Clostridium perfringens. |
| the enterics: | • Gram-negative bacteria; part of the normal intestinal flora or cause gastrointestinal disease. • Largest and most heterogeneous family of medically important Gram –ve rods |
| the enterics: Physiology and Structure | Non–spore-forming, gram –ve rods that share a common antigen Facultative anaerobes Can ferment glucose, reduce nitrate, and are catalase +ve. Oxidase –ve Can be differentiated based on lactose fermentation. |
| Enterobacteriaceae | Enteric bacteria capable of lactose fermentation can be detected using agar containing lactose, and the pH indicator (usually is neutral red) |
| Enterobacteriaceae | • Lactose Fermenting (LF) o Escherichia coli o Klebsiella o Enterobacter • Non-Lactose fermenting (NLF) o Salmonella o Proteus o Yersinia o Shigella |
| Nitrate reduction test | used for the differentiation of members of Enterobacteriaceae -Positive result indicates UTI due to Enterobacteriaceae [mainly E. coli] |
| Antigenic Classification | 1. O antigen:This is the most external component of LPS. A core polysaccharide and lipid A they form LPS. Heat stable 2. K antigen : This is a capsule (Kapsule) that covers the O antigen. Heat labile 3. H antigen: Is the bacterial flagella (Heat labile) |
| Common Virulence Factors Associated with Enterobacteriaceae. | • Endotoxin (lipid A component of LPS-released at cell lysis): Many of the systemic manifestations of Gram -ve bacterial infections are initiated by endotoxin. • Capsule: Protection against phagocytosis • Antimicrobial resistance [plasmids] |
| Common Virulence Factors Associated with Enterobacteriaceae. | • Antigenic phase variation: Somatic O, capsular K and flagellar H antigens can be expressed or not to protect the bacteria from antibody-mediated cell death • Resistance to serum killing: Blocking Ab binding (capsule) |
| Common Virulence Factors Associated with Enterobacteriaceae. | • Type III secretion systems: Think of it as a molecular syringe (1) common to virulent bacteria • Sequestration of growth factors , Hemolysis to release iron from host red blood cells |
| Escherichia coli | • E. coli is the most common and important member of the genus Escherichia. • Associated with several diseases; Gastroenteriti,Extraintestinal infections, UTIs, Meningitis, and Sepsis |
| traveller's diarrhea. | • caused by Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) • Has pili to bind to intestinal epithelial cells; ➢ It releases exotoxins that are similar to the cholera exotoxins • Enterotoxins that stimulate hypersecretion of fluids and electrolytes |
| Salmonella | Salmonellosis primarily results in a mild to severe diarrhoeal illness, known as acute gastroenteritis |
| Typhoid Fever | (Caused by Salmonella typhi) • Facultative intracellular parasite • Salmonellosis (enteric fever) starts 1-3 weeks after exposure |
| Gastroenteritis | o Most common caused by Salmonella enteritidis o Diarrhea is either watery (cholera-like toxin) or, less commonly, contains mucous and trace blood (ileal inflammation) |
| Dysentery – bloody diarrhea | Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli • Secrete the powerful Shiga-like toxin (also called verotoxin) that has the same mechanism of action as the Shigella toxin. • Hemorrhagic colitis; Bloody diarrhea with severe abdominal cramps |
| UTI | • Pili virulence factor allows E. coli to travel up the urethra and infect; o the bladder (cystitis) and o the kidney itself (pyelonephritis). • E. coli is the most common cause of UTIs in women and hospitalized patients with catheters in the urethra. |
| Sepsis | • the most common cause of gram-negative sepsis in immunocompromised patients. • Septic shock due to the lipid A componen |
| Neonatal Meningitis | • E. coli and group B Streptococci cause the majority of CNS infections in infants < 1 month |
| Shiga Toxin | • An A subunit bound to B subunits allowing the entry of the deadly A subunit. • The A subunits inactivate the 60S ribosome, inhibiting protein synthesis and killing the intestinal epithelial cell. |
| Yersinia spp. | • Y. pestis: highly virulent pathogen that causes Bubonic Plague (panolis or black death). • Y. enterocolitica & Y. pseudotuberculosis: Primarily enteric pathogens that are relatively uncommon and rarely cultured from blood. |
| Yersinia Pathogenesis & Immunity. | • Gram(-), non-spore-forming, oxidase(-), catalase(+), coagulase-(+) lactosenegative, and facultative anaerobic rods (or coccobacilli). • Yersinia pestis → via flea bite • Yersinia enterocolitica & Yersinia enterocolitica → via fecals |
| Coxsackie A and B | Coxsackieviruses are very contagious ➢ Person-person transmission via unwashed hands and surfaces contaminated by feces, and through air when someone sneezes or coughs. |
| Group A coxsackieviruses | tend to infect the skin and mucous membranes, causing; i. herpangina, ii. acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis (AHC), iii. hand-foot-and-mouth (HFM) disease. |
| Group B coxsackieviruses | can cause; ➢ gastrointestinal illness, ➢ myocarditis, pneumonia, ➢ aseptic meningitis, ➢ encephalitis, and ➢ hepatitis |
| Norwalk virus | CAUSE ACUTE DIARRHEA I. Having direct contact with an infected person. II. Consuming contaminated food or water. III. Touching contaminated surfaces and then putting your unwashed hands in your mouth. |
| Rotavirus | i. It is the number one cause of acute infectious diarrhea and a major cause of infant mortality worldwide. ii. More than 1 million infant deaths per year are secondary to rotavirus |
| Virus families and the characteristics that separate them | • Most DNA viruses are double-stranded, show icosahedral symmetry, and replicate in the nucleus • Three of the DNA viruses have envelopes: Herpes Hepadna Pox • Three are naked: A woman must be naked for the PAP smear exam. PApova Adeno Parvo |
| Majority RNA viruses | exceptions: 1) Reoviridae are double-stranded. 2) 3 are non-enveloped: Picorna, Calici, and Reoviridae. 3) 5 have icosahedral symmetry: Reo, Picorn Toga, Flavi, Calici 4) 2 replicate in nucleus: Retro Orthomyxo. |
| Hemagglutinin (HA) | • Can attach to host sialic acid receptors. • Sialic acid receptors also exist on upper respiratory tract cell membranes |
| Neuraminidase (NA) | • Neuraminic acid is an important component of mucin • NA cleaves neuraminic acid and disrupts the mucin barrier, exposing the sialic acid binding and where HA binds enabling viral adsorption and penetration. |
| Complications of Influenza | • The elderly and immunocompromised suffer more serious illness as the virus spreads to the lower respiratory tract, resulting in pneumonia. • The viral infection also lowers the host defenses against many bacteria. |
| Reye’s Syndrome; | • Rare but serious condition that causes swelling in the liver and brain • Most often affects children and teenagers recovering from a viral infection; |
| PARAMYXOVIRIDAE | 1. parainfluenza virus, 2. respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), ➢ both cause lower respiratory infections (pneumonia) in children and upper respiratory tract infections (bad colds) in adults. 3. mumps virus, and 4. measles virus. ➢both can cause viremia |
| Parainfluenza Virus | The parainfluenza virus causes upper respiratory infection in adults ranging from cold symptoms such as; ➢ rhinitis, ➢ pharyngitis, and ➢ sinus congestion, ➢ bronchitis and flu-like illness. |
| Croup | is a parainfluenza infection of the larynx and other upper respiratory structures; ➢ obstructs breathing and causes a characteristic barking cough. ➢ Symptoms of croup are the result of swelling around the voice box, windpipe and bronchial tubes |
| Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) | • RSV is so-named because it causes respiratory infections and contains an F-protein that causes formation of multinucleated giant cells (syncytial cells). • This virus lacks both the HA and NA glycoproteins. • Number one cause of pneumonia in infants |
| Mumps Virus | • Mumps virus replicates in the upper respiratory tract and in regional lymph nodes and spreads via the blood to distant organs (viremia). • Infection can occur in many organs, but the most frequently involved is the parotid gland. |
| Measles Virus | Prodrome: photophobia, high fevers, cough, rhinitis, and malaise. Koplik's Spots: 1-2 days before the rash, small red-based lesions with white centers develop in mouth Rash: red, flat to slightly bumpy, spreads to the entire body, from top to the bottom |
| MMR vaccine | A live attenuated viral vaccine to cover measles-mumps-rubella ➢ 1st dose is at 9 months to 15 months of age, ➢ 2nd dose at 15 months to 6 years of age, with at least 4 weeks between the doses. • The MMR vaccine can prevent SSPE. • Protect for life. |
| HERPESVIRIDAE | 1) They can develop a latent state. 2) The members in the sub-family alpha have a cytopathic effect on cells, which become multinucleated giant syncytial cells with intranuclear inclusion bodies. 3) Held at bay by the cell-mediated immune response. |
| Varicella-Zoster Virus (VZV) | As the name implies, this virus causes 2 diseases: ➢ varicella (chickenpox ) and ➢ herpes zoster (shingles). |
| PICORNAVIRIDAE | There are 2 genera: enterovirus and rhinovirus. 1) Enterovirus • Enteroviruses have 5 subgroups: a) Poliovirus b) Coxsackie viruses A and B c) Echovirus d) New enteroviruses e) Hepatitis A 2) Rhinovirus • causes the common cold |
| Poliovirus | Poliovirus has the ability to infect cells in the: 1. Peyer's patches of the intestine. 2. Motor neurons. |
| MYCOLOGY | Mycology is the study of fungi (molds, yeasts, and mushrooms). |
| FUNGAL MORPHOLOGY | • Non-septate hyphae have no cross walls, broad hyphae with irregular width, and broad angle of branching (i.e. Mucor spp) • Septate hyphae have cross walls and fairly regular width (tube-like; i.e Aspergillus). |
| Hyphae | Hyphae are filamentous cellular units of molds and mushrooms. The hypha is the building block of a fungus |
| Mycelium | the mass of hyphae that form the vegetative part of a fungus.” a) Collectively hyphae are mycelium. b) Is the vegetative part of the fungus |
| Pseudohyphae (Candida albicans) | are hyphae with constrictions at each septum. • Yeast can form pseudohyphae Hyphae occur in filamentous fungi while the pseudohyphae occur in the unicellular fungi such as yeasts |
| Candida albicans | • Is an opportunistic pathogenic yeast that is a common member of the human gut flora. • Candida can infect the mouth (oral thrush), groin (diaper rash), and the vagina (Candida vaginitis). |
| Candida auris | • An emerging multidrug-resistant yeast causing severe illness in hospitalized patients – up to 60% fatality rate Diagnosis is made with 20% KOH preparation, or with stains and cultures of biopsied tissue or blood. |
| Mucormycosis(black fungus) | • Serious but rare invasive fungal infection affecting the sinuses, lungs, skin, and brain caused by a group of molds called mucormycetes • Ubiquitous – in decaying plants and soil • Infection through contactwith fungal spores in the environment. |
| Aspergillosis | • Broad spectrum of diseases caused by members of the genus Aspergillus • Approximately 19 species of Aspergillus have been documented as agents of human disease, (vip: A. fumigatus, A. flavus, A. niger, and A. terreus.) |
| Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis: | • The spores of Aspergillus are floating in the air everywhere. • Some persons develop an asthma-type reaction to these spores. • Systemic corticosteroids are an effective treatment. |
| Aspergilloma (fungus ball): | • Patients with lung cavitations from tuberculosis or malignancies can grow an aspergillus fungal ball in the cavity, called an aspergilloma. • It presents clinically as recurrent hemoptysis and is diagnosed by radiologic methods |
| Invasive aspergillosis: | • Is the most common in patients with severe neutropenia can develop invasive pneumonias and disseminated disease. • Bloody sputum may occur, due to blood vessel wall invasion by Aspergillus hyphae |
| Three fungi that cause systemic disease in humans are; | i. Histoplasma capsulatum, ii. Blastomyces dermatitides, and iii. Coccidioides immitis. |
| These 3 fungi have 3 clinical presentations | 1) Asymptomatic 2) Pneumonia 3) Disseminated: can cause disseminated disease, such as meningitis, bone lytic granulomas, skin granulomas that break down into ulcers, and other organ lesions. (nly in immunocompromised hosts) |
| Histoplasma capsulatum: | • Non-encapsulated despite its name. • Present in bird and bat droppings, so outbreaks of pneumonia occur when cleaning chicken coops or exploring caves. |
| Blastomyces dermatitides: | • The rarest systemic fungal infection. • Most cases present as chronic disseminated disease with weight loss, night sweats, lung involvement, and skin ulcers. • Blastomyces is the hardest to get and the hardest to have! |
| Coccidioidesimmitis(Valley fever): | • Common causes of mild pneumonia in normal persons in the southwestern U.S. • Common opportunistic infection in AIDS patients from that area |
| Cryptococcus neoformans | • Cryptococcus neoformans is a polysaccharide encapsulated yeast (not dimorphic) • It is inhaled into the lungs and the infection is usually asymptomatic. |
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