Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Psych Chapter 1
Study Set for Exam
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Psychology | The scientific study of behavior and mental processes |
| Critical Thinking | The process of objectively evaluating, comparing, analyzing, and synthesizing information |
| Psychoanalytic Perspective | An earlier approach to psychology developed by Sigmund Freud, that emphasizes analysis and bringing unconscious processes, unresolved conflicts, and past experiences |
| Wilhelm Wundt | Generally acknowledged as the "father of psychology" he established the first psychological laboratory |
| Edward Titchener | Student of Wilhelm Wundt; founder of structuralist school of psychology |
| William James | Founder of functionalism; studied how humans use perception to function in our environment. Considered to be the "father of American Psychology" |
| Sigmund Freud | Austrian physician whose work focused on the unconscious causes of behavior and personality formation; founded psychoanalysis. |
| Structuralism | Tried to identify the basic building blocks of life through introspection (Failed) |
| Functionalism | Study of the way the mind functions to enable humans and other animals to adapt to their environment |
| Psychodynamic Perspective | A modern approach to psychology that emphasizes unconscious dynamics, motives, conflicts and past experiences; based on the psychoanalytic approach, but focuses more on social and cultural factors, and less on sexual drives. |
| Behavioral Perspective | A modern approach to psychology that emphasizes objective, observable, environmental influences on overt behavior. |
| Humanistic Perspective | A modern approach to psychology that perceives human nature as naturally positive and growth seeking; it emphasizes free will and self-actualization. |
| Cognitive Perspective | A modern approach to psychology that focuses on the mental processes used in thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating. |
| Biological Perspective | A modern approach to psychology that focuses on genetics and biological processes. |
| Evolutionary Perspective | A modern approach to psychology that stresses natural selection, adaptation, and reproduction. |
| Sociocultural Perspective | A modern approach to psychology that emphasizes social interactions and the cultural determinants of behavior and mental processes. |
| B.F. Skinner | Developed the theory of behaviorism |
| John Watson | Developed behaviorism |
| Self-actualization | The humanistic term for the inborn drive to develop all ones talents and capabilities |
| Free will | The idea that we are able to have some choice in how we act and assumes that we are free to choose our behavior |
| Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow | Central figures with the humanistic perspective |
| Positive Psychology | The study of optimal human functioning; emphasizes positive emotions, traits, and institutions. |
| Information-processing approach | AN approach to cognitive development studies that aims to explain how information is encoded into memory |
| Mary Calkins | One of the first women recognized in psychology, and William James student. Became the president of APA |
| Francis Cesil Sumner | First black person to earn a Ph.D. in Psychology |
| Kenneth B. Clark | First Person of color to be elected as the president of APA |
| Biopsychosocial model | An integrative, unifying theme of modern psychology that sees biological, psychological, and social processes as interrelated and interacting influences. |
| Comparative Psychologist | Behavior and mental processes of nonhuman animals; evolution and cross species comparisons |
| Forensic Psychologist | Applies principles of psychology to the legal system |
| Basic Research | A type of research primarily conducted to advance core scientific knowledge; most often conducted in universities and research laboratories. |
| Applied Research | A type of research primarily conducted to solve practical, real world problems; generally conducted outside the laboratory. |
| Scientific Method | The cyclical and cumulative research process used for gathering and interpreting objective information in a way that minimizes error and yields dependable results. |
| Hypothesis | A tentative and testable explanation, or educated guess, about the relationship between two or more variables; a testable prediction or question. |
| Operational Definiton | A precise description of how the variables in a study will be observed, manipulated, and measured |
| Statistical significance | A statistical statement of how likely it is that a study's result occurred merely by chance. |
| Step 1 of the scientific method | Question and literature review - Identify the question of interest |
| Step 2 of the scientific method | Testable Hypothesis - Develop a testable hypothesis based on the question of interest |
| Step 3 of the scientific method | Research design - Choose the best of the three research methods to test your hypothesis |
| Step 4 of the scientific method | Data collection and analysis - Collect data from the experiment and determine if it is statistically significant |
| Step 5 of the scientific method | Publication - Write study results, and have them peer reviewed and then published |
| Step 6 of the scientific method | Theory development - Other researches may propose new or additional ideas to be tested and improve the theory |
| Meta-analysis | A statistical technique for combining and analyzing data from many studies in order to determine overall trends. |
| Theory | A well-substantiated explanation for a phenomenon or a group of facts that have been repeatedly confirmed by previous research. |
| Nature - Nurture controversy | An ongoing dispute about the relative contributions of heredity and environment in determining the development of behavior and mental processes. |
| Descriptive research | A type of research that systematically observes and records behavior and mental processes without manipulating variables |
| Naturalistic observation | A descriptive research technique that observes and records behavior and mental processes in a natural, real-world setting. |
| Survey/Interview | A descriptive research technique that questions a large sample of people to assess their behaviors and mental processes. |
| Case Study | A descriptive research technique involving an in-depth study of a single research participant or a small group of individuals. |
| Archival research | A descriptive research technique that studies existing data to find answers to research questions. |
| Descriptive method advantages | Minimizes artificiality, makes data collection easier, allows description of behavior and mental processes as they occur |
| Descriptive method disadvantages | Little to no control over variables, potential biases, cannot identify cause and effect |
| Correlational method advantages | Helps clarify relationships between variables that can't be examined by other methods and allows prediction |
| Correlational method disadvantages | Little to no control over variables, can't identify cause and effect, possible illusory correlation or third variable problem, and potential biases |
| Experimental method advantages | Allows researchers to have precise control over variables and provides explanation of the causes of behavior and mental processes |
| Experimental method disadvantages | Ethical concerns, practical limitations, artificiality of lab conditions |
| Laboratory observation | watching subjects in a controlled environment |
| Correlational research | A type of research that examines possible relations between variables; designed to meet the goal of prediction |
| Correlational coefficient | A number from -1.00 to +1.00 that indicates the direction and strength of the relationship between two variables |
| Experimental research | A type of research that involves the manipulation and control of variables to determine its casual effect on the dependent variable |
| Independent variable | The variable that is manipulated and controlled by the experimenter to determine its causal effect on the dependent variable; also called the treatment variable. |
| Dependent variable | The variable that is observed and measured for change; that factor that is affected by the independent variable. |
| Experimental group | The group that is manipulated in an experiment; participants who are exposed to the independent variable. |
| Control group | The group that is not manipulated during an experiment; participants who are NOT exposed to the independent variable. |
| Sample bias | A bias that may occur when research participants are unrepresentative of the larger population. |
| Random assignment | A research technique for assigning participants to experimental or control conditions so that each participant has an equal chance of being in either group; minimizes the possibility of biases or preexisting differences within or between the groups. |
| Confounding variable | A variable not being studied associated with both the dependent and independent variable |
| Experimenter bias | A bias that occurs when a researcher influences research results in the expected direction. |
| Ethnocentrism | The belief that one's culture is typical of all cultures; also, viewing one's own ethnic group as central and "correct" and judging others according to this standard. |
| Participant bias | A bias that occurs when a research participant contaminates research results. |
| Single-blind study | An experimental technique in which only the participants are unaware of who is in the experimental or control groups. |
| Double-blind study | An experimental technique in which both the researcher and the participants are unaware of who is in the experimental or control groups. |
| Placebo | An inactive substance or fake treatment used as a control technique in experiments; often used in drug research. |
| APA reg Informed consent | Subjects are given information about the experiment before it takes place |
| APA reg Voluntary participation | subjects have decided to be part of the experiment, but can leave at any time |
| APA reg Restricted use of deception and debriefing | Most of the time deception is restricted, however when it is necessary, there is a mandatory debriefing where the subjects are told everything that happened during the experiment |
| APA reg Confidentiality | Any of the subjects personal information will not be publicized or given out |
| Correlation isn't causation | A third variable has formed a connection between the two variables that makes the two variables seem connected to eachother |
Created by:
Mbitler18
Popular Psychology sets