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Chapter 14
Human Development
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Chapter 14 | Psychosocial Development in Emerging and Young Adulthood |
| a combination of ability to understand oneself and one's world, to integrate and synthesize what one perceives and knows and to take charge of planning one's life course | ego development |
| What are examples of various paths to adulthood? | A varying order of leaving home, getting a job, going to school, getting married, having children |
| What influences young people to take different paths to adulthood? | Gender, academic ability, attitude toward education, expectations and adolescence, social class, parenthood |
| process that underlies the shift to an adult identity | recentering |
| What are the 3 stages to recentering? | 1) embedded in family origin, self expectation increase; 2) connected to, not embedded in family, temporary, exploratory involvements, move toward serious commitment, gaining resources; 3) independence from family, retain ties, commit career/ partner |
| Discuss identity status research on emerging adults in postindustrial societies. | Little guidance, less pressure to grow up, fall back on the own resources, do not construct life, some stay in youthhood |
| Why is the identity development of racial/ethnic minorities complex? | Have to figure out where they belong, take on adult responsibility earlier than peers, value interdependent family relations, pressure to marry, have children |
| Explain how relationships with parents affect adjustment to adulthood. | The more supportive a parent is and the more independent they let the child be the better the chances the child pass to adapting to new roles |
| How can emerging adults renegotiate relationships with their parents? | May take years, talked to parent, gradual independence |
| What is the failure to launch trend? | Child lives with parent into middle and late twenties and early thirties |
| What are the 4 views of personality development? | Normative-stage models, timing-of-events model, trait models, typological models |
| What influences today's varied paths to adulthood? | Gender, academic ability, early attitudes towards education, expectations and late adolescence, social class, parenthood |
| How do emerging adults develop a sense of adult identity and an autonomous relationship with their parents? | Develop identity through recentering, develop autonomous relationship by becoming gradually independent |
| theoretical models that describe psychosocial development in terms of a definite sequence of age-related changes | normative-stage models |
| Erikson's sixth stage of psychosocial development, in which young adults make either commitments to others or face a possible sense of isolation and self-absorption | intimacy versus isolation |
| What virtue is the resolution for Erikson's 6th stage of psychosocial development (intimacy versus isolation)? | Love |
| in Levinson’s theory, the underlying pattern of a person's life at a given time, build on whatever aspects of life the person finds most important | life structure |
| a sense of itself as independent and self-reliant | individuation |
| in normative-stage theories, typical challenges that need to be mastered for successful adaptation to each stage of life | developmental tasks |
| theoretical model of personality development that describes adult psychosocial development as a response to the expected or unexpected occurrence and timing of important life events | timing-of-events model |
| in the timing of events model, commonly expected life experiences that occur at customary times | normative life events |
| set of cultural norms or expectations for the times of life when certain important events, such as marriage, parenthood, entry into work and retirement should occur | social clock |
| theoretical models of personality development that focus on mental, emotional, temperamental, behavioral traits or attributes | trait models |
| theoretical model of personality, based on the “big five” factors underlying clusters of related personality traits: neuroticism, extraversion, openness to experience, conscientiousness, agreeableness | five-factor model |
| five factor model: cluster of 6 traits indicating emotional instability: anxiety, hostility, depression, self-consciousness, impulsiveness, vulnerability | neuroticism |
| five factor model: cluster of 6 traits: warmth, gregariousness, assertiveness, activity, excitement seeking, positive emotion | extraversion |
| five factor model: willing to try new things and embrace new ideas | open to experience |
| five factor model: people that are achievers: competent, orderly, duty full, deliberate, disciplined | conscientious |
| five factor model: people that are trusting, straightforward, altruistic, compliant, modest, easily swayed | agreeable |
| theoretical approach that identifies broad personality types or styles | typographical approach |
| According to the typographical model, what are the 3 personality types? | Ego-resilient, overcontrolled, undercontrolled |
| adaptability under potential sources of stress | ego-resiliency |
| self-control | ego-control |
| Which view of personality development is: definite sequence of age-related changes? | normative-stage model |
| Which view of personality development is: development depends on when certain events occur in people's lives | timing-of-events model |
| Which view of personality development is: stability or change in personality traits that occur in clusters | trait models |
| Which view of personality development is: types of personalities | typological model |
| According to the typological model, what do the 3 personality types differ in? | Ego-resiliency, ego-control |
| people who are well-adjusted: self confident, independent, articulate, attentive, helpful, cooperative, task focused | ego-resilient personality type |
| people who are shy, quiet, anxious, dependable, thoughts to self, withdraw from conflict, most subject to depression | overcontrolled personality type |
| people who are active, energetic, impulsive, stubborn, easily distracted | undercontrolled personality type |
| expected long-term patterns of behavior | trajectory |
| Does personality change during adulthood? If so, how? | Can change, changes more until about age 30 then changes more slowly, can change with the big 5 factors: neuroticism, extraversion, openness to experience, conscientiousness, agreeableness |
| revealing important information about oneself to another | self-disclosure |
| friends who are considered and behave like family members | fictive kin |
| Sternberg's theory that patterns of love hands on the balance among 3 elements: intimacy, passion, commitment | triangular theory of love |
| emotional element of a relationship that involves self-disclosure, which leads to connection, warmth, trust | intimacy |
| motivational element of a relationship that is based on inner drives that translate psychological arousal into sexual desire | passion |
| cognitive element of a relationship that is the decision to love and to stay with the beloved | commitment |
| What skills promote and maintain intimacy? | Self-awareness, empathy, ability to communicate emotions, resolve conflicts, sustained commitments, if necessary sexual decision-making |
| What are characteristic features of friendship in young adulthood? | Less stable, Center on work, parenting activities, sharing of confidences and advice, intimate and supportive, frequent conflict, some lifelong, some fleeting |
| What are the 3 components of love, according to Sternberg? | Intimacy, passion, commitment |
| How is intimacy expressed in friendship and love? | Through self-disclosure by telling the other person personal things which leads to connection, warmth and trust |
| Why might people remain single? | Have not found right person, single by choice, free, move freely, pursue career, further education, don't want to worry about another person, enjoy sexual freedom, find lifestyle exciting, like being alone, postponing marriage because of fear |
| Compare gay and lesbian relationships with heterosexual couples. | Tend to be as good or better, but can diminish more over time, depends on negotiating household chores, ability to resolve conflict, stability due to government |
| Give reasons for the rising cohabitation. | Prelude to marriage, postlude to marriage, alternative to marriage |
| Compare types of cohabitation and site factors in outcomes. | Prelude to- short or delays marriage, transition, half eventually marry, less satisfying/stable, allows money to permit; postlude to-alternative, more satisfaction, some stability, mate selection; alternative to-less satisfying, less stable |
| What are the 4 theoretical perspectives on a woman's happiness in marriage? | Companionate model, institutional model, equity model, gender model |
| What are several benefits of marriage? | Protection for raising children, intimacy, commitment, friendship, affection, sexual fulfillment, companionship, emotional growth, identity and self-esteem |
| What are the differences between traditional views of marriage and the way emerging and young adults view it today? | Not as many gender roles, greater space for individual interest in pursuit, more emphasis on friendship, compatibility, less romantic love, and not inevitable in adulthood, to be married one should be an adult, Mary when ready, establish self first |
| What are the cultural differences in methods of mate selection and historical changes in marrying age? | Marrying age has been increasing and getting later, even into the late twenties; not as many arranged marriages, choosing mate out of love not requirement |
| What are some findings on sexual relations in and outside of marriage. | Sex less often than media suggest, married people have sex more often than singles, cohabitate yourself most sex, one 3rd of people have sex at least once a week, married people have most sexual satisfaction |
| What are factors in marital satisfaction and success? | Better-finances, equal decision-making, nontraditional gender attitudes, support of lifelong marriage, divided housework; negative effects-extramarital affairs, wife's job demands, wife longer working hours, premarital cohabitation |
| When and why do young adults choose to remain single, form gay or lesbian relationships or cohabitate? | Fear, like freedom, waiting for right person, further education/career; prelude to marriage, postlude to marriage, alternative to marriage |
| What are some alternative lifestyles to marriage? | Single, gay/lesbian relationship, cohabitation |
| How satisfying and stable are alternative lifestyles to marriage? | Usually not as happy, don't tend to stay together as long |
| Describe trends in family size and age of parenthood. | Size has decreased and each has increased |
| What are men's and women's attitudes toward and exercise of parental responsibilities? | Men are stepping into the roles of parents more, women’s expectations not always matched, waiting until they have more financial resources |
| How can parenthood affect marital satisfaction? | Tends to decrease satisfaction |
| What are the benefits and drawbacks of a dual earner household? | more money, more stress, cuts out family time, don’t have to scale back as much |
| When do most adults become parents? | Mid to late 20s, has been happening in 30s and 40s |
| How does parenthood affect a marriage? | Adds stress to relationship, less satisfaction |
| Why has the number of divorces decreased since 1981? | Women have become more educated and developed less permissive views of marriage, higher education associated with marital stability, rise in cohabitation |
| Discuss factors in adjustment to divorce. | Contact maintained, initiator, remarrying, gender, economic resources, living standards, thought they were happily married, amount of conflict, emotional detachment, finding new partner, active social life |
| Discuss factors in adjustment to remarriage and stepparenthood. | Children, gender, ability for all members to adjust, conflict between stepparent and stepchildren |
| What are the trends in divorce rates? | Increased from 1970 to 1981, decrease starting in 1981 but still high |
| What is emerging adulthood seen as? | Experimental time before assuming adult roles and responsibilities |
| What kinds of things are being postponed until age 30 or later that used to occur in emerging adulthood? | Finding stable work, developing long-term romantic relationships |
| What is the path to adulthood influenced by? | Gender, academic ability, early attitudes towards education, expectations and adolescence, social class, ego development |
| How is identity developed and emerging adulthood? | Recentering, gradual development of stable adult identity, identity formation accelerated for racial/ethnic minorities |
| What is the use hood? | Emerging adults remain in perpetual moratorium, a dead-end status |
| What does it mean for an emerging adult to be in moratorium? | 8 periods in which young people are free from pressure to make lasting commitments |
| What can measure a young adults ability to handle the developmental task of leaving the childhood home? | Ability to maintain close but autonomous relationship with parents |
| What causes failure to launch? | Increasingly common, financial reasons, complicate negotiation of adult relationship with parents |
| What are the 4 theoretical perspectives on adult personality development? | Normative-stage model, timing-of-event model, trait model, typological model |
| Describe the normative-stage model. | Age related social and emotional change emerges in successive periods, sometimes marked by crises |
| In young adulthood, what is Erikson's theory? | Intimacy versus isolation |
| Describe the timing-of-events model. | Proposes adult psychosocial development is influenced by the occurrence and timing of normative life events |
| What influences the timing-of-events model? | Less age conscious society, social clock has less meaning |
| Describe the trait model (five-factor model). | Organized around 5 groupings of related traits: neuroticism, extra version, openness to experience, consciousness, agreeableness |
| Does personality change during adulthood? | Changes during young adulthood, to some extent throughout life |
| Describe the typological model. | Has identified personality types that differ in eco-resiliency and ego-control, persists from childhood through adulthood |
| What is an important part of intimacy? | Self-disclosure |
| What do young adults seeking relationships? | Intimacy with peers and romantic partners |
| Which gender is friendships tend to be more intimate? | Women |
| Describe most young adults relationships with friends. | How friends but increasingly limited time to spend with them |
| What young adults have friends who are considered fictive kin? | Many young adults, particularly gays and lesbians |
| According to Sternberg triangular theory of love, what are the 3 aspects of love? | Intimacy, compassion, commitment |
| What are more adults doing in regards to marriage? Especially who? | postpone or never marry, African American women |
| Why do some people choose to remain single? | Career opportunities, travel, sexual/lifestyle freedom, desire for self-fulfillment, women's greater self-sufficiency, reduced social pressure to marry, fear divorce, difficulty in finding a suitable mate, lack of dating opportunities/available mates |
| What kind of relationships to both gay men and lesbians form? | Enduring sexual and romantic relationships |
| What are gays and lesbians in the United States fighting for? | Same rights as other people, right to marriage |
| Why has cohabitutation increased and become the norm in some countries? | New stage of emerging adulthood, delay in age of marriage |
| Why can cohabitation be in regards to marriage? | Trial marriage, alternative to marriage, indistinguishable from marriage |
| Describe the stability of cohabitating relationships versus being married. | Cohabitating less stable |
| What needs does marriage meet? | Universal, basic economic, emotional, sexual, social, child raising needs |
| What has happened to the rate of people in the extramarital relationships? | Less than in the past |
| What has happened to the marrying age? | Has increased |
| What can success in marriage depend on? | Partners’ sensitivity to each other, validation of each other's feelings, communication, conflict management skills, differing expectations |
| What is happening to the number of children women have in industrialized societies? | Fewer children, having them later, or remain childless |
| Describe the father's involvement in raising a child. | Less involved than mother, more involved than previous generations |
| What happens to marital satisfaction during the childbearing years? | Typically declines |
| Who to the burdens of a dual earner lifestyle typically fall on? | Most heavily on woman |
| In the workplace, what can help alleviate marital stress? | Family friendly workplace |
| When did divorce rates hit their highest rate? What may have caused the decline in divorce? | 1981; increasing education levels, delay in age of marriage, rising habituation |
| What can be a key adjustment to divorce? | Emotional distance from ex-spouse |
| Describe the stability of remarriage versus the 1st marriage. | Less stable |
| Do stepfamilies make a smooth transition or go through stages of adjustment? | Stages of adjustment |
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