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Unit 2C
Nervous & Endocrine Systems
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| nervous system | the body's speedy, electrochemical communication network, consisting of all the nerve cells |
| central nervous system (CNS) | the brain and spinal cord |
| peripheral nervous system (PNS) | the sensory and motor neurons that connect the central nervous system (CNS) to the rest of the body |
| nerves | bundled axons that form neural "cables" connecting the central nervous system with muscles, glands, and sense organs. |
| sensory (afferent) neurons | neurons that carry incoming information from the sensory receptors to the brain and spinal cord |
| motor (efferent) neurons | neurons that carry outgoing information from the brain and spinal cord to the muscles and glands |
| interneurons | neurons within the brain and spinal cord that communicate internally and intervene between the sensory inputs and motor outputs |
| somatic nervous system | the division of the peripheral nervous system that controls the body's skeletal muscles. (Also called the skeletal nervous system) |
| autonomic nervous system (ANS) | the part of the peripheral nervous system that controls the glands and the muscles of the internal organs (such as the heart) |
| sympathetic nervous system | the division of the autonomic nervous system that arouses the body, mobilizing its energy in stressful situations |
| parasympathetic nervous system | the division of the autonomic nervous system that calms the body, conserving its energy |
| reflex | a simple, automatic response to a sensory stimulus, such as the knee-jerk response |
| endocrine system | the body's "slow" chemical communication system; a set of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream. |
| hormones | chemical messengers that are manufactured by the endocrine glands, travel through the bloodstream, and affect other tissues |
| adrenal glands | a pair of endocrine glands that sit just above the kidneys and secrete hormones (epinephrine and norepinephrine) that help arouse the body in times of stress |
| pituitary gland | the endocrine system's most influential gland. Under the influence of the hypothalamus, this gland regulates growth and controls other endocrine glands. |
| hypothalamus | a neural structure lying below (hypo) the thalamus; it directs several maintenance activities (eating, drinking, body temperature, sexual behavior), helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland, and is linked to emotion and reward |
| insulin | secreted by the pancreas to regulate glucose in the body |
| adrenaline | secreted by the adrenal glands during activation of the sympathetic nervous system, such as the fight or flight response, which elevates heart rate, blood pressure, and breathing |
| testosterone | secreted by the testes to regulate male reproduction and puberty |
| estrogen | secreted by the ovaries to regulate female reproduction and puberty |
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