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Unit 2
Module 45: Antisocial Relaitons
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Social Relations | Social psychology teaches us how we relate to one another from prejudice, aggression and conflict to attraction, altruism and peacemaking. |
| Prejudice | Simply called, “prejudgment,” a prejudice is an unjustifiable (usually negative) attitude toward a group and its members – often of different cultural, ethnic or gender groups. |
| Components of Prejudice | Beliefs (stereotypes) Emotions (hostility, envy, fear) Predisposition to act (to discriminate) |
| Stereotypes | A generalized (sometimes accurate but often overgeneralized) belief about a group of people. |
| Discrimination | Unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group and it's members. |
| Reign of Prejudice | Prejudice works at the conscious and [more so] the unconscious level. Thus prejudice is more like a knee-jerk response than a conscious decision. |
| Race | Nine out of 10 white respondents were slow at responding to words like “peace” or “paradise” when they saw a black individual’s photo compared to a whites (Hugenberg & Bodenhausen, 2003). |
| Gender | Most women still live in more poverty than men. About 100,000,000 women are missing in the world. There is a preference for male children in China and India, even with sex-selected abortion outlawed. |
| Why does Prejudice arise? | Social Inequalities Social Divisions Emotional Scapegoating |
| Social Inequality | When people have money, power and prestige, and others do not, prejudice develops. Social inequality increases prejudice. |
| Ingroup | People with whom one shares a common identity. “Us” |
| Outgroup | Those perceived as different from one’s ingroup. “Them” |
| Ingroup Bias | The tendency to favor the members of one’s own group. |
| Other Race Effect | The tendency to recall faces of one’s own race more accurately than faces of other races. Also called the cross-race effect and the own-race bias. |
| Emotional roots for prejudice | Prejudice provides an outlet for anger [emotion]. Ex: After 9/11 many people lashed out against innocent Arab-Americans. |
| Scapegoat Theory | Gives us an outlet for someone to blame |
| Cognitive roots of prejudice | We categorize people into groups by stereotyping them Vivid cases: 9/11 terrorists can feed stereotypes or prejudiced. Most terrorists are non-Muslims The tendency of people to believe the world is just and people get what they deserve and what they get |
| Aggression | can be any physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt destroy whether done reactively out of hostility or proactively as a calculated means to an end. Research shows that aggressive behavior emerges from the interaction of biology and experience. |
| The Biology of Aggression | Genetic Influences Neural Influences Biochemical Influences |
| Genetic Influences | genes influence aggression. Animals have been bred for aggressiveness – for sport and at times for research. Twin studies show aggression may be genetic. In men, aggression is possibly linked to Y chromosome. |
| Biochemical Influences | our genes engineer our individual nervous systems, which operate electrochemically. The hormone testosterone, for example, circulates in the bloodstream and influences the neural systems that control aggression. |
| Neural Influences | animal and human brains have neural systems that given provocation, will either inhibit or facilitate aggressive behavior |
| Pyschological facors that influence aggressive behavior | Aversive Events Learning Aggression is Rewarding Observing Models of Aggression Acquiring Social Scripts |
| Aversive Events | Studies in which animals and humans experience unpleasant events reveal that those made miserable often make others miserable. Physical Pain Personal Insults Foul Odors Cigarette Smoke Hot Temperatures |
| Environment | Environmental temperature can lead to aggressive acts. Murders and rapes increased with temperature in Houston. |
| Frustration-Aggression Principle | The blocking of an attempt to achieve some goal Creates anger which generates aggression |
| Ostracism | Rejection Induced Aggression: When people are led to feel socially excluded, shunned or mocked they are more likely to disparage (belittle) the person who insulted them. |
| Learning that Aggression is Rewarding | When aggression leads to desired outcomes, one learns to be aggressive. This is shown in animals and humans alike. Cultures that favor violence breed violence. |
| Reinforcement/Modeling Aggression and TV | As TV watching has grown exponentially, as does violent behavior- a strong positive correlation. |
| Reasons Exposure to Media Violence Might Increase Aggression | (Aronson 1999) If they can do it, so can I. Oh, so that’s how you do it. I think it must be aggressive feelings I’m experiencing Ho-hum, another brutal beating. What’s on the next channel. |
| Media Models for Violence Acquiring Social Scripts | The media portrays social scripts and generates mental tapes in the minds of the viewers. When confronted with new situations individuals may rely on such social scripts. If social scripts are violent in nature, people may act them out. |
| Conflict | Conflict is perceived incompatibility of 1. Actions 2. Goals 3. Ideas. |
| How We Can Communicate for Mutual Betterment? | Agree upon regulations Better Communication Awareness of our responsibilities toward community, nation and the whole of humanity. |
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hibba_rash
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