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Respiratory Diseases
Respiratory Review
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Obstructive disorders | Bronchitis, Emphysema [together COPD], Asthma (dyspnea symptom of all 3) |
| Emphysema (pink puffer) | air spaces enlarged near terminal bronchioles, ruptured, alveolar walls, gas exchange units are destroyed |
| Sever Emphysema | Constant dyspnea/tachypnea (puffing). increasing end-expiratory volume results in each breath being less efficient. patients use accessory muscles (tripod position), hyperventilation to compensate |
| Emphysema (pink puffer) | Mismatched V;Q, diminished breath sounds, hyperinflation of alveoli due to destruction of alveolar structure. Loss of skeletal muscle due to inaduate oral intake = skinny/cachexic |
| Bronchitis ( blue bloater) | inflammation in smaller bronchioles and increased size in muccous glands |
| Sever Bronchitis | Hypoxia, hypercapnia = V/Q mismatch = decreased oxygenation of blood= hypoxemia and increased CO2 retention = acidosis |
| Bronchitis ( blue bloater) | Sputum production increases (goblet cells), cough due to irritation from mucous, cyanotic (blue) wheezy due to airway obstruction, Ronchi is gurgling sound due to mucus secretion's |
| Cor Pulmonale | Chronic hypercapnia/Resp Acidosis = pressure build up on right ventricle = right ventricluar failure |
| Wheezing | high pitch, seen with asthma patients, Wheezing sounds are most often apparent during exhalation |
| Rhonchi | Low pitch, rattling lung sounds (snoring) obstructions or secretion in larger airways cause rhonchi - copd. bronchiectasis. pneumonia, chronic bronch. cystic fibrosis |
| Crackles / Rales | Fine Crackles = brief, discontinuous, popping lung sounds high pitched - wood burning on fireplace sound Coarse Crackles = brief discontinues , popping lung sounds lower and louder pitch and last longer - bubbling sound |
| Crackles / Rales | Early inspiratory and expiratory crackles are the hallmark of chronic bronchitis. Late inspiratory crackles may mean pneumonia, CHF, or atelectasis. |
| Stridor | loud, high-pitched crowing breath sound heard during inspiration. upper airway narrowing or obstruction. It is often heard without a stethoscope. Causes of stridor are pertussis, croup, epiglottis,aspirations. |
| Subcutaneous emphysema | air gets into the tissues under the skin and in the soft tissues. result from blunt or penetrating trauma, pneumothorax barotrauma, infection, malignancy, |
| Subcutaneous emphysema S/S | sign and symptom = swelling around the neck accompanied with pain in the chest. tender sore throat, aching neck, difficulty in swallowing, breathlessness, wheezing, and distension |
| Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea | shortness of breath that awakens the patient, often after 1 or 2 hours of sleep, and is usually relieved in the upright position. Treatment = oxygen, diuretics, heart medications, antihypertensive, and bronchodilators to reverse wheezing. |
| Pneumothorax | air in the interpleural space. |
| Closed pneumothorax | chest wall is intact, The signs and symptoms for a closed pneumothorax are: Chest pain, Tachypnea, Dyspnea |
| Open pneumothorax | chest wall is open from penetrating trauma |
Created by:
Dalton.evely
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