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BIO324 GI System
Gastrointestinal system
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is a hemorrhoid? | when vascular tissue engorges during defecation to protect anal canal from abrasions |
| What are hemorrhoids associated with? | constipation |
| What are key details about internal hemorrhoids? | painless; may cause bright red rectal bleeding with defecation |
| What are key details about external hemorrhoids? | painful; don't usually bleed, may thrombose (look bluish) |
| What is the treatment for hemorrhoids? | avoid dairy and greasy/fried foods; sitz bath |
| What is a common cause of small bowel obstructions? | adhesions following surgery = scar tissue |
| What is the pathophysiology of SBO? | small bowel dilates because nowhere food to go, leads to edema, then dehydration and necrosis |
| What are symptoms of SBO? | abdominal pain, tachycardia + hypotension (dehydration) |
| What is a common cause of large bowel obstructions? | fecal impaction (really bad constipation) |
| How do you treat SBO and LBO? | NPO, IV fluids, NG tube decompensation -> call surgeon! |
| What is the diverticulum? | sac-like protrusion of the colon wall |
| What is diverticulosis? | The condition of having diverticula |
| What is diverticulitis? | inflammation and infection of the diverticula |
| hat is the most common spot for diverticulosis? | sigmoid colon, LLQ |
| What is diverticulosis related to? | low fiber diet |
| What is the treatment for diverticulosis? | high fiber diet and fluids |
| How is diverticulitis diagnosed? | CT scan |
| What are symptoms of diverticulitis? | LLQ acute abdominal pain, fever |
| What are symptoms of GERD? | heartburn |
| What are treatments of GERD? | Antacids, PPI, avoiding irritating foods/drinks, no smoking |
| What is the cause of crohn's disease? | unknown |
| how long does it usually take to diagnose Crohn's Disease? | 3 years |
| What test is done on people with Crohn's? | ASCA test |
| What is the treatment for Crohn's? | colon cancer screenings, supportive, prednisone sometimes, antibiotics |
| What are symptoms of ulcerative colitis? | bloody diarrhea is the hallmark |
| What test is done for ulcerative colitis? | P-ANCA test |
| What test can determine if it's crohn's or UC? | colonoscopy |
| What is the treatment for? | surgery, low fiber diet |
| What is peptic ulcer disease? | break in the gastric or duodenal mucosa when normal mucosal defenses are impaired |
| What age group is most affected by duodoenal ulcers? | 30-55 year olds |
| What age group is most affected by gastric ulcers? | 55-70 years olds |
| What is the cause of gastric ulcers? | NSAIDs |
| What is the cause of duodenal ulcers? | H. pylori infection |
| When does pain in gastric ulcers start? | shortly after eating |
| When does pain in duodenal ulcers start? | 2-5 hours after eating or late evening |
| How is H. pylori tested? | urea breath test -> produces a lot of urea |
| What is hepatitis A? | transmitted via fecal oral route; vaccine; people don't die from it |
| What is hepatitis B? | transmitted perinatally, sexually, and needles; vaccine; treatments available |
| What is hepaitis C? | transmitted by blood to blood contact (IV drug users, piercings, transfusions); no vaccine; treatment available and necessary |
| What is hepatitis D? | can't get this without Hep B; no vaccine |
| What is hepatitis E? | not common in the US; fecal oral route transmission; supportive treatment |
| What is alcoholic hepatitis? | drank for 5+ years; treatment is to stop drinking |
| What are symptoms of hepatitis? | jaundice, RUQ pain (liver), fatigue, can be asymptomatic for years |
| How is hepatitis diagnosed? | bloodwork -> hepatitis surface antibody and antigen; CT scan + US; liver biopsy |
| How do you treat hepatitis in alcoholics? | stop drinking and folic acid |
| What are the causes of pancreatitis? | gallstones and alcohol |
| What are symptoms of pancreatitis? | upper abd pain that radiates to back, n+v, fever or chills, tachycardia |
| What is Cullen's sign of hemorrhagic pancreatitis? | bruising around belly button (periumbilical ecchymosis) |
| What is Grey-Turner's sign of hemorrhagic pancreatitis? | back ecchymosis (bruising) |
| What are important labs for pancreatitis? | lipase, amaylase = always elevated; CT scan |
| What is the treatment for pancreatitis? | fluids, stop drinking alcohol |
| What is cholelithiasis? | gallstones |
| What are the four F's of cholelithiasis? | Female, Fat, Forty (over), and fertile -- also family hx |
| What are the symptoms of cholelithiasis? | pain in RUQ but usually asymptomatic |
| What test is done to diagnose cholelithiasis? | US |
| What is the treatment for cholelithiasis? | hurts, take it out; doesn't hurt, leave it in |
| What percentage of colorectal cancer occurs in people 40 and younger? | 4% |
| What percentage of colorectal cancer occurs in people older than 50? | 90% |
| What are preventative factors of colorectal cancer? | diet (fruits and vegetables; low red meat/fat) |
| What is the percentage of colorectal cancers that are adenocarcinoma? | 98% |
| What are symptoms of colorectal cancer? | pencil thin stools, blood in stool, weight loss, abd pain |
| How is colorectal cancer diagnosed? | colonoscopy and biopsy |
| How often should colorectal screenings take place in 50+? | every 10 years |
| How often should colorectal screenings take place if family history? | 10 years prior before family's age of diagnosis |
Created by:
kristina2992
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