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MidTerm Study Guide
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Upper Airway | 1) Nose and mouth (2) Pharynx (3) Epiglottis (4) Larynx |
| Lower Airway | 1)Trachea (2) Bronchi and Bronchioles (3) Lungs (4) the Diaphragm |
| During Inhalation | The diaphragm and the intercostal muscles, contract...the diaphragm moves slightly downward and flares the lower portion of the rib cage outward. |
| During Exhalation | The diaphragm and intercostal muscles relax... moving the diaphragm upward and the ribs and sternum downward and inward back to their normal resting positions. |
| Pulse Oximeter | Device used to measure the level of hemoglobin saturated with oxygen. |
| SAMPLE History | a medical history of the patient that you gather by asking questions of the patient, family, and bystanders. |
| SAMPLE | (S) Signs and Symptoms (A) Allergies (M) Medications (P) Pertinent past history (L) Last oral Intake (E) Events leading to the injury or illness |
| OPQRST | (O) Onset = What were you doing (P) Provacation/Palliation=does anything make it worse (Q) Quality = describe the pain (R) Radiation = does the pain move anywhere (S) Severity = scale from 1-10 how bad does it hurt (T) Time = how long has it been going on |
| Normal Pulse Rates | Over 75 = 90 BPM; Adult = 60-80 BPM; Adolescent = 60-105 BPM; Child (5-12 years) = 60-120 BPM; Child (1-5) = 80-150 BPM; Infant = 120 - 150 BPM; |
| Normal Breathing Rates | Adults = 12-20 per min; Children = 15-30 per min; Infants = 25-50 per min; Newborns = 30-60 per min; |
| Voluntary Muscle (Skeletal) | Muscle that can be controled and contracted and relaxed by the will of the individual. (ex. Swallowing, smiling, chewing) |
| Involuntary Muscle (Smooth) | Automatic muscular functions of the body. (ex. moves blood through the veins) |
| Systolic Blood Pressure | Top number..... it is the amount of pressure exerted on the walls of the arteries during the contraction and ejection of blood from the left ventricle. |
| Diastolic Blood Pressure | Bottom number... it is the amount of pressure on the artery walls while the ventricle is at rest and not contracting. |
| Repeater | a device that receives transmissions from a relatively low powered source such as a mobile or portable radio and rebroadcast them at another frequency and a higher power. |
| Right Upper Quadrant | 1) Liver (2) Right Kidney (3) Colon (4) Pancreas (5) Gallbladder |
| Left Upper Quadrant | 1) Liver (2) Spleen (3) Left Kidney (4) Stomach (5) colon (6) Pancras |
| Right Lower Quadrant | 1) colon (2) small intestines (3) major artery and vein to the right leg (4) Ureter (5) Appendix |
| Left Lower Quadrant | 1) Colon (2) Small intestines (3) major artery and vein to the left leg (4) ureter |
| Red Blood Cells | carries oxygen to the body cells, and carry carbon dioxide away from the cells. |
| White Blood Cells | defends against infection |
| Platelets | creates blood clots, necessary to stop bleeding. |
| Plasma | carries blood cells and transports nutrients to all tissues. Also it transports waste products to organs where they can be excreted from the body. |
| Activated Charcoal Dosage | 1 gram per kilogram |
| Activated Charcoal Side Effects | Blackening of the stools, possible vomiting |
| Activated Charcoal Medication Form | 12.5 grams premixed in water |
| Activated Charcoal Indications | Patients who have ingested poisons by mouth(administer after receiving orders from medical direction or the poison control |
| Activated Charcoal Contraindications | 1)altered mental status (not fully conscious) (2) swallowed acids or alkalis (3) unable to swallow |
| Activated Charcoal Actions | binds with poisons in the stomach and prevents their absorption into the body |
| Activated Charcoal Medication Name | Activated charcoal, super char, instachar, actidose, liquichar. |
| Activated Charcoal Route | Oral |
| Aspirin Dosage | 160-325 mg |
| Aspirin Medication Form | Tablet |
| Aspirin Indications | Chest discomfort that is suggestive of a heart attack and approval from medical direction |
| Aspirin Contraindications | patient with a known allergy to the drug |
| Aspirin Side Effects | Patients may report stomach irritation or heartburn, nausea, or vomiting |
| Aspirin Actions | Decreases the ability of platelets to clump together... this reduces the formation of additional clots of the site of the coronary artery blockage |
| Aspirin Medication Name | ASA, Bayer, Ecotrin, St. Josephs, Bufferin. |
| Aspirin Route | Oral |
| Epinephrine Dosage | Adult = 0.3 mg____ Infant and child = 0.15 mg |
| Epinephrine Medical Form | Liquid drug contained within an auto-injector |
| Epinephrine Indications | 1) signs and symptoms of a severe allergic reaction (anaphylaxis) (2) medication is prescribed to the patient (3) EMT has received an order from medical direction |
| Epinephrine Contraindications | none, when used in the life-threatening allergic reaction |
| Epinephrine Actions | Mimics the response of the sympathetic nervous system: 1) constricts blood vessels to improve the blood pressure. (2) relaxes smooth muscles in the lungs to improve breathing. (3) stimulates the heartbeat. (4) reverses swelling and hives |
| Epinephrine Side Effects | Increased heart rate, pale skin (pallor), dizziness, chest pain, head ache, nausea and vomiting, excitability and anxiousness |
| Epinephrine Route | Injection |
| Epinephrine Medication Name | Epinephrine, Adrenalin, EpiPen, Epipen Jr. |
| Metered Dose Inhaler (MDI) Dosage | Each depression of the MDI delivers a precise dose. The number of times the medication can be delivered is determined by medical direction. |
| Metered Dose Inhaler (MDI) Medication Form | Aerosolized medication in a metered dose inhaler |
| Metered Dose Inhaler (MDI) Indications | 1)exhibits sign and symptoms of breathing difficulty (2) patient has a physician-prescribed MDI (3) EMT has received medical direction approval |
| Metered Dose Inhaler (MDI) Contraindications | 1) Patient is not responsice, enough to use the MDI (2) MDI is not Prescribed for the patient (3) maximum dose allowed is reached prior to your arrival (4) permission denied by medical direction |
| Metered Dose Inhaler (MDI) Actions | Bete agonist, relaxes the bronchile smooth muscles, dilates the lower airway |
| Metered Dose Inhaler (MDI) Side Effects | tachycardia, tremors, shakiness, nervousness, dry mouth |
| Metered Dose Inhaler (MDI) Route | Inhalation |
| Metered Dose Inhaler (MDI) Medication Name | Albuterol, Metaprotereuol, isoetharine, proventil, ventolin, metaprel, alupent, bronkasol, bronkometer |
| Nitroglycerin Dosage | One tablet or spray under the tongue... may be repeated 3 times 5 minutes apart.. 0.4 mg per tablet or spray |
| Nitroglycerin Medication Form | Tablet or sublingual spray |
| Nitroglycerin Indications | 1) patient exhibits signs and symptoms of chest pain. (2) patient has physician-prescribed nitroglycerin. (3) EMT has approval from medical direction |
| Nitroglycerin Contraindications | 1)baseline blood pressure below 100 mmHg systolic (2) suspected head injury. (3) patient is a child or infant (4) three doses have already been taken |
| Nitroglycerin Actions | Relaxes blood vessels, decreases workload of the heart |
| Nitroglycerin Side Effects | Vessel dilation may cause headache, drop in blood pressure, pulse rate changes |
| Nitroglycerin Route | sublingual |
| Nitroglycerin Medication Name | Nitroglycerin, Nitrostat, Nitrobid, Nitrolingual spray |
| Oral Glucose Dosage | Typical dose in one tube |
| Oral Glucose Medication Form | Gel, in a toothpaste-type tube |
| Oral Glucose Indications | 1)altered mental status with history of diabetes controlled by medication and ability to swallow the medication |
| Oral Glucose Contraindications | 1)unconscious (2) unable to swallow the medication |
| Oral Glucose Actions | Increases blood and brain sugar levels |
| Oral Glucose Side Effects | May cause an airway obstruction in the patient without a gag reflex |
| Oral Glucose Route | oral |
| Oral Glucose Medication Name | oral glucose, glutose, insta-glucose |
| Medications carried on the Ambulance | 1) Oxygen (2) Oral Glucose (3) Activated Charcoal (4) Aspirin |
| Cincinnati Prehospital Stroke Scale | 1) Facial Droop (2) Arm Drift (3) Abnormal Speech |
| 5 Seizure Stages | 1) Aura (2) Loss of consciousness (3) Tonic Phase (4) Hypertonic Phase (5) Clonic Phase (6) Postictal state |
| Aura | Serves as a warning that a seizure is going to begin and involves some type of sensory perception by the patient |
| Loss of consciousness | the patient will lose consciousness sometime after the aura |
| Tonic Phase (muscle rigidity) | the patients muscles become contracted and tense, and the patient exhibits extreme muscular rigidity with arching of the back |
| Hypertonic Phase | the patient has extreme muscular rigidity with hyper extension of the back |
| Clonic Phase (conculsion) | Muscle spasms then alternate with relaxation, producing the typical violent and jerky seizure activity of the clonic phase |
| Postictal state | this is the recovery phase. the patients mental status is altered and may range from complete unresponsiveness to confusion and disorientation |
| Hydrostatic | the blood pressure or force exerted against the inside of vessel walls |
| Hypercarbia | increased carbon dioxide levels in the blood |
| Hyperglycemia | high blood sugar. A blood glucose level greater than 120 mg/dl |
| Hyperthermia | abnormally high core body temperature. Body temperature above the normal 98.6 degrees F |
| Hypoglycemia | Low blood sugar. A blood glucose level of 60 mg/dl with signs and symptoms of hypoglycemia or a blood glucose level of less than 50 mg/ dl with or without signs and symptoms of hyopglycemia |
| Hypoperfusion | the in sufficient delivery of oxygen and other nutrients to some of the bodys cells and inadequate elimination of carbon dioxide and other wastes that results from inadequate circulation of blood... also called shock. |
| Hypopnea | inadequate tidal volume in a breathing patient |
| Hypothermia | abnormally low core body temperature... cor body temperature under 95 degrees F |
| Medication Administration Five Rights | 1) Right Patient (2) Right medication (3) Right Route (4) Right Dose (5) Right Date |
| Therapeutic Effect | the intended positive response by the body |
| Mechanism of Action | is how the drug works to create its effect on the body |
| Side Effects | Actions that are not desired and that occur in addition to the desired and that occur in addition to the desired therapeutic effects. |
| C.A.B.C. | (C) C-spine (A) Airway (B) Breathing (C) Circulation |
| A.V.P.U. | (A) Alert (V) Responds to verbal (P) Responds to pain (U) Unresponsive |
| Newborn Assessment (A.P.G.A.R.) | (A) Appearance (P) Pulse (G) Grimance (A) Activity (R) Respirations |
| Power Grip | Recommended gripping technique. the palm and fingers come in complete contact with the object and all fingers are bent at the same angle. |
| Types of Moves | Emergency Move, Urgent Move, Non Urgent moves. |
| Emergency Moves | 1)Armpt-forearm drag, (2) The Shirt drag, (3) Blanket drag |
| Non-Urgent Moves | 1)Direct ground lift, (2) Extremity Left, (3) Direct Carry, (4) Draw sheet method |
| Ways Poisons enter the body | 1) Ingestion, (2) Inhalation, (3) Injection, (4) Absorption |
| Psychiatric Problems | Anxiety, Phobias, Depression, Bipolar Disorder, Paranoia, Schizophrenia |
| Anxiety | a state of painful uneasiness about impending problems. it is characterized by agitation and restlessness and is one of the most common emotions. |
| Phobias | are closely related to anxiety problems.. they are irrational fears of specific things, places, or situations. |
| Depression | is one of the most common psychiatric conditions. It is a condition characterized by deep feelings of sadness, worhlessnessm and discouragement, feelings that often do not seem connected to the actual circumstances of the patients life. |
| Bipolar Disorder | Also known as manic-depressive disorder. It causes a patient to swing to opposite sides of the mood spectrum. |
| Paranoia | a highly exaggerated or unwarranted mistrust or suspiciousness. |
| Schizophrenia | Suffer debilitating distortions of speech and thought, bizarre delusions, hallucinations, social withdrawl, and lack of emotional expressiveness. |
| Suicide | any willful act designed to end ones own life. (males are 4 times more likely to die from suicide, but women make three times as many attempts. |
| 4 most common methods of Suicide | 1)self-inflicted gunshot wound (2) hanging (3) poisoning by ingestion (4) Carbon monoxide poisoning |
| Trauma Patient Assessment | 1) Scene size-up, (2) initial assessment, (3) Focused History and Physical Exam, (4) Detailed Physical Exam (5) Ongoing Assessment |
| Medical Patient Assessment | 1) Scene size-up, (2) initial assessment, (3) Focused History and Physical Exam, (4) Ongoing Assessment |
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