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Atypical bacteria
Atypical bacteria and atypical meds
Question | Answer |
---|---|
What are the main types of Mycobacteria? | 1. M. tuberculosis 2. M. avium-intracellulare 3. M. scrofulaceum 4. M. marinum |
How do mycobacteria stain with? | Acid-fast stain |
Which mycobacteria is associated with dissemination and non-TB disease in AIDS? | M. avium-intracellulare |
Which type of Mycobacteria would be seen in the hand of a person working at an aquarium? | M. marinum |
What is the cord factor for Mycobacteria? | "Serpentine cord" |
How does the "serpentine cord" in mycobacterium work? | Activates macrophages (promote granuloma formation) and induces release of TNF-α |
What does a PPD (+) tell you? | Current infection or past exposure |
What vaccination can give you a false positive TB test result? | BCG vaccine |
Is TB associated with caseating or non-caseating granulomas? | Caseating granulomas |
What condition is associated with Langhans giant cell? | Secondary TB |
Does TB reactivation tend to favor the upper or lower lung lobes? | Upper (apices) |
Hilar nodes + Ghon focus = | Ghon complex |
What is another name for Leprosy? | Hansen disease |
Which species causes Leprosy? | Mycobacterium leprae |
How is the loss of sensation in leprosy described? | "Glove and stoking" distribution |
What are the two types of Leprosy? | 1. Lepromatous 2. Tuberculoid |
Which form of Leprosy is more severe? | Lepromatous |
Is Lepromatous leprosy mediated by TH1 or TH2 cells? | Th2 |
Which form of leprosy is mediated by Th1 cells? | Tuberculoid |
What are the characteristics of Lepromatous leprosy? | Diffuse over skin, with leonine (lionlike) facies, and is highly infective |
How is Tuberculoid leprosy presented? | Limited to a few hypo-esthetic, hairless skin plaques |
What is the treatment regimen for Tuberculoid form of Leprosy? | Dapsone and Rifampin |
What drug is added to Lepromatous leprosy treatment, on top of Dapsone and Rifampin? | Clofazimine |
Is M. leprae an organism that prefers cold or hot temperatures? | Cold temperatures |
What is the main reservoir of Leprae in the USA? | Armadillos |
When is an organism considered an obligate intracellular? | If it cannot make their own ATP |
What are the two main forms of chlamydia that result in mucosal infections? | Elementary body --> infectious Reticulate body --> replicates in cell by fission |
What are some diseases caused by C. trachomatis? | 1. Neonatal and follicular adult conjunctivitis 2. Nongonococcal urethritis 3. PID 4. Reactive arthritis |
What are common causes of atypical pneumonia due to chlamydia? | C. pneumonia and C. psittaci |
Which type of antibiotics are useless in treating chlamydia? | ß-lactam antibiotic |
What is the best treatment option for chlamydia? | Doxycycline >> Azithromycin, add ceftriaxone for possible concurrent gonorrhea |
Which serotypes of C. Trachomatis causes Lymphogranuloma venereum? | L1, L2, and L3 |
What is Lymphogranuloma venereum? | Small, painless ulcers on genitals --> swollen, painful inguinal lymph nodes that ulcerate (buboes) |
Which serotypes of C. Trachomatis cause neonatal pneumonia? | D-K |
What is the unusual description of cough in C. trachomatis pneumonia? | Staccato cough |
Which pleomorphic, gram-variable rod is involved in bacterial vaginosis? | Gardnerella vaginalis |
How is the discharge of Gardnerella vaginosis described? | Gray vaginal discharge with a fishy smell; non painful |
What is the histological key finding of Gardnerella vaginosis? | Clue cells |
What are "clue cells" in bacterial vaginosis? | Vaginal cells covered with Gardnerella |
What is the Amine whiff test? | Mixing vaginal discharge with KOH enhances fishy odor |
What is the treatment for Gardnerella vaginosis? | Metronidazole or clindamycin |
What is the pH seen in Gardnerella vaginosis? | pH > 4.5 |