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Anatomy Qyiz
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Anatomy | study the form (structure) and organization of body parts. |
| Physiology | study the functions of anatomical parts. |
| Biology is known as | the study of microscopic one-celled organisms, multi-celled organisms, plants, animals, and humans |
| Atoms | (chemicals) |
| Cells | which contain organelles: are the basic unit structure and function that forms of the body |
| Cells are organized into | Tissues |
| Tissues are organized into | Organs |
| Organs that function closely together compose | Organ systems |
| Growth | increase in cell number and body size. |
| Reproduction | production of new cells and organisms |
| Responsiveness | reaction to internal and external changes |
| Movement | changes in the body position, or the motion on internal organs. |
| Metabolism | All the chemical reactions in a living system. |
| Chemicals | Water is used in many metabolic processes, provides the environment for metabolic reactions, and carries substances. Other chemicals include oxygen, carbon dioxide, and nutrients. |
| Heat | is a product of metabolic reactions and helps govern the rates of these reactions. |
| Homeostasis | Maintenance of a stable internal environment is called homeostasis. |
| Homeostatic mechanisms help... | regulate body temperature and blood pressure. |
| Homeostatic mechanisms act... | through negative feedback...which is The regulatory mechanism that occurs when a variation outside of the normal limits triggers an automatic response that corrects the situation |
| Positive feedback | When the initial stimulus produces a response that further reinforces the stimulus, the mechanism is called |
| The axial portion of the body include which parts? | 1. Cranial cavity 2. The vertebral canal 3. The thoracic cavity 4. The abdominopelvic cavity |
| The appendicular portion includes? | The upper and lower limbs |
| The organ in the body cavity are called what? | Viscera |
| The diaphragm separates? | The thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities |
| The mediastinum forms a boundary between | The right and left sides of the thoracic cavity |
| Body cavities in the head include (4) parts? which are they? | 1. The oral 2. The nasal 3. The orbital 4. Middle ear cavities |
| Thoracic Membranes cover which two parts? | The pleural membranes 1. line the thoracic cavity (parietal pleura) 2. cover each lung (visceral pleura) |
| Pericardial membranes cover which parts? | 1. (parietal pericardium) surround the heart 2. (visceral pericardium) covers the surface |
| The pleural pericardial cavities are... | the potential spaces between the respective parietal and visceral membranes |
| Peritoneal membrane cover which two parts? | 1. (parietal peritoneum) line the abdominopelvic cavity 2. (visceral peritoneum) covers the organs inside |
| The peritoneal cavity | is the potential space between the parietal and visceral peritoneal membranes. |
| The integumentary system include which (5) glands? | 1. Skin, Hair, Nails, sweat glands, sebaceous glands. |
| The skeletal system include which (3) parts? | 1. Bones, Cartilages and Ligaments that binds together. |
| The integumentary system protects? | underlying tissues, regulates body temperatures, house sensor receptors, and synthesizes various substances |
| The skeletal system provides? | framework, protective protective shields, and attachments for muscles. It also produces blood cells and stores inorganic salts. |
| The muscular system includes | includes the muscles of the body. |
| The muscular system also includes? | It moves body parts, maintains posture, and is the major source of body heat. |
| The nervous system consists | the brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sense organs. |
| The nervous system consists also of | receiving information from sensory receptors, interprets the information, and stimulates muscles or glands to respond. |
| The endocrine system consists | of glands that secrete hormones |
| The endocrine system consists also of | Hormones help regulate metabolism. This system includes the hypothalamus of the brain and the pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, and adrenal glands, as well as the pancreas, ovaries, testes, pineal gland, and thymus. |
| The cardiovascular system includes | The heart |
| The heart pumps _____ and _____ ______ . | Blood and Blood Vessels |
| The heart carries _______ to and from ______ ______. | blood, body parts |
| Blood carries ? (4) | Oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and wastes |
| The lymphatic system is composed | lymphatic vessels, lymph fluid, lymph nodes, the thymus and spleen. |
| The lymphatic system | transports lymph fluid from tissues to the bloodstream, carries certain fatty substances away from the digestive organs, and aids in defending the body against disease-causing agents. |
| The digestive system receives | receives foods, breaks down food molecules into nutrients that can pass through cell membranes, and eliminates materials that are not absorbed. |
| The Digestive system includes? (11) | It includes the mouth, tongue, teeth, salivary glands, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, small intestine, and large intestine. |
| Some digestive organs? | Produce hormones |
| The respiratory system | takes in and sends out air and exchanges gases between the air and blood |
| The respiratory includes? (6) | It includes the nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs. |
| The urinary system includes (4) | the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra |
| The urinary system filters | filters wastes from the blood and helps maintain water and electrolyte concentrations and the acidity of the internal environment. |
| The male reproductive system includes | the scrotum, testes, epididymides, ductus deferentia, seminal vesicles, prostate gland, bulbourethral glands, urethra, and penis |
| The male reproductive system includes | which produce, maintain, and transport male sex cells (sperm cells). |
| The female reproductive system includes | the ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, clitoris, and vulva, which produce, maintain, and transport female sex cells (oocytes). |
| Lateral means | towards the sides |
| The dorsal cavity contains | the structures of the central nervous system |
| The pelvic cavity contains | the organs of the reproductive and excretory urinary systems. |
| The kidneys | are located outside the peritoneal cavity |
| The coronal plane | divides the body into front and back portions. |
| The medial surface | of a structure is toward, or nearer, the midline and away from the side |
| Caudal means | “bottom, end” of the body. |
| The midsagittal plane | divides the body into left and right halves |
| The lungs | located superior to the diaphragm. |
| Chemistry describes | the composition of substances and how chemicals react with each other. |
| The human body | is composed of chemicals. |
| Matter is composed of ______? | Elements |
| Elements are composed of ____? | Atoms * which are the smallest complete units of elements. |
| Atoms of different elements have ______ _____, _____, and ____ ___ ________! | characteristics sizes, weights, and ways of interacting. |
| An atom consists of ___ or ____ electrons surrounding a nucleus. | one or more |
| Electrons are positively or negatively charged? | Negatively charged |
| Protons are positively or negatively charged? | Positively charged |
| Neutrons are un_____? | UNcharged |
| An atom is electrically _______? | neutral |
| True or False: . If an atom gains or loses electrons, it becomes charged. which is made into an ion. | True |
| An element’s atomic number is equal | to the number of protons in each atom |
| The atomic weight is | equal to the number of protons plus the number of neutrons in each atom. |
| Isotopes | are atoms with the same atomic number but different atomic weights. Some isotopes are radioactive. |
| When atoms form chemical bonds | They gain, lose, and share electrons |
| Atoms that lose electrons | become positively charged ions |
| Atoms that gain electrons | become negatively charged ions |
| Ions with opposite electrical charges | attract and form ionic bonds |
| Atoms that share electrons form | covalent bonds |
| Two or more atoms of the same element may bond to form | a molecule of that element |
| Atoms of different elements may bond to form | a molecule of a compound. |
| Anabolism | Building up of complex materials from simpler ones such as food and oxygen |
| Three types of chemical reactions are | Synthesis, Decomposition, Exchange reactions |
| Compounds that release ions in water are...? | Electrolytes |
| Electrolytes that release hydrogen ions are...? | Acids |
| Those that release hydrogen or other ions THAT react with hydrogen ions are... | bases |
| The value called pH represents a solution's concentration of ________ ions (H+) and ________ ions (OH-) | Hydrogen and Hydroxide |
| The number of an neutral pH is ? | 7.0 |
| A solution of acidic is lower or higher in pH? | lower in pH of 7.0 |
| A solution of alkaline has a lower of higher pH? | higher pH of 7.0 |
| What is is called when _____ are resist to pH change? | Buffers |
| What transports chemicals to heat? | water |
| what releases energy from glucose and other nutrients? | Oxygen |
| What is it called when metabolism releases energy? | Carbon Dioxide |
| Proteins serve as | structural materials, energy sources, hormones, cell surface receptors, and enzymes. |
| building blocks of proteins | are amino acids |
| Proteins vary in the | numbers, types, and sequences of their amino acids. |
| Steroids are...? | lipids that contain cholesterol. |
| Enzymes are... | specialized protein molecules. |
| Nucleic acids | are the genetic material and control cellular activities |
| . Nucleic acid molecules | are composed of nucleotides. |
| The two types of nucleic acids ? | RNA and DNA. |
| What are the four nucleic acids that make up DNA | A, G, C, T |
| What are the four nucleic acids that make up RNA | A, G, C, T, U |
| DNA molecules store...? | information that cell parts use to construct specific protein molecules. |
| . RNA molecules play a role...? | in the reactions of protein synthesis. |
| Cells vary considerably in..? (3) | in size, shape, and function. |
| A cell includes...? (3) | includes a cell membrane, cytoplasm, and a nucleus |
| Organelles perform ...? | specific functions. |
| The nucleus controls overall...? | cell activities because it contains DNA, the genetic material. |
| The cell membrane forms | the outermost limit of the living material. |
| Thee cell membrane selectively permeable passageway that controls? | the entrance and exit of substances. |
| The cell membrane includes? (3) | protein, lipid, and carbohydrate molecules. |
| The cell membrane’s framework is mainly a bilayer of | phospholipid molecules |
| Molecules that are soluble | in lipids pass through the cell membrane easily |
| Water-soluble molecules can or cannot pass through the cell membrane? | Can Not |
| The major components of the plasma (cell) membrane? | Phospholipids, and proteins |
| Cytoplasm contains | networks of membranes, organelles, and the rods and tubules of the cytoskeleton, suspended in cytosol. |
| Ribosomes function | in protein synthesis. |
| The endoplasmic reticulum ? | is a tubular communication system in the cytoplasm that transports lipids and proteins. |
| Vesicles transport ? | substances within and between cells |
| The Golgi apparatus ? | adds sugars to certain proteins and processes them for secretion |
| Mitochondria contain ? | enzymes that catalyze reactions that release energy from nutrient molecules. |
| Lysosomes contain ? | digestive enzymes that decompose substances |
| Peroxisomes house ? | enzymes that catalyze the breakdown of hydrogen peroxide and fatty acids, and detoxification of alcohol. |
| Microfilaments (actin) and microtubules (tubulin) ? | aid cellular movements and support and stabilize the cytoplasm and organelles. Together they form the cytoskeleton. Microtubules also form centrioles, cilia, and flagella. |
| The centrosome ? | contains centrioles that aid in distributing chromosomes during cell division |
| Cilia and flagella ? | are motile extensions from cell surfaces |
| The cell membrane ? | a barrier through which substances enter and leave a cell. |
| Passive transport mechanisms ? | do not require cellular energy |
| Diffusion is the ? | movement of molecules or ions from regions of higher concentration to regions of lower concentration. |
| facilitated diffusion, ion channels and special carrier molecules move substances through...? | the cell membrane. This process moves substances only from regions of higher concentration to regions of lower concentration. |
| Osmosis is the movement...? | of water across a selectively permeable membrane into a compartment containing solute that cannot cross the same membrane. |
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