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Biology Study Guide
Module 13 - Study Guide
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| 1a. Vertebrae. | Segments of bone or some other hard substance that are arranged into a backbone. |
| 1b. Notochord. | A rod of tough, flexible material that runs the length of a creature's body, providing the majority of its support. |
| 1c. Endoskeleton. | A skeleton on the inside of a creature's body, typically composed of bone or cartilage. |
| 1d. Bone marrow. | A soft tissue inside the bone that produces blood cells. |
| 1e. Axial skeleton. | The portion of the skeleton that supports and protects the head, neck and trunk. |
| 1f. Appendicular skeleton. | The portion of the skeleton that attaches to the axial skeleton and has the limbs attached to it. |
| 1g. Closed circulatory system. | A circulatory system in which the oxygen-carrying blood cells never leave the blood vessels. |
| 1h. Arteries. | Blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart. |
| 1i. Capillaries. | Tiny, thin-walled blood vessels that allow the exchange of gases and nutrients between the blood and the cells of the body. |
| 1j. Veins. | Blood vessels that carry blood back to the heart. |
| 1k. Olfactory lobes. | The lobes of the brain that receive signals from the receptors in the nose. |
| 1l. Cerebrum. | The lobes of the brain that integrate sensory information and coordinate the creature's response to that information. |
| 1m. Optic lobes. | The lobes of the brain that receive signals from the receptors in the eyes. |
| 1n. Cerebellum. | The lobe that controls involuntary actions and refines muscle movement. |
| 1o. Medulla oblongata. | The lobes that coordinate vital functions, such as those of the circulatory and respiratory systems, and transport signals from the brain to the spinal cord. |
| 1p. Internal fertilization. | The process by which the male places sperm inside the female's body, where the eggs are fertilized. |
| 1q. External fertilization. | The process by which the female lays eggs and the male fertilizes them once they are outside of the female. |
| 1r. Oviparous development. | Development that occurs in an egg that is hatched outside the female's body. |
| 1s. Ovoviviparous development. | Development that occurs in an egg that is hatched inside the females body. |
| 1t. Viviparous development. | Development that occurs inside the female, allowing the offspring to gain nutrients and vital substances from the mother through a placenta. |
| 1u. Anadromous. | A life cycle in which creatures are hatched in fresh water, migrate to salt water as adults, and then go back to fresh water in order to reproduce. |
| 1v. Bile. | A mixture of salts and phospholipids that aids in the breakdown of fat. |
| 1w. Atrium. | A heart chamber that receives blood. |
| 1x. Ventricle. | A heart chamber from which blood is pumped out. |
| 1y. Ectothermic. | Lacking an internal mechanism for regulating body heat. |
| 1z. Hibernation. | A state of extremely low metabolism and respiration, accompanied by lower-than-normal body temperatures. |
| 2. Assign the following creatures to one of these classification: subphylum Urochordata, subphylum Cephalochordata, class Agnatha, class Chondrichthyes, class Osteichthyes, and class Amphibia. a.Frog b.Shark c.Lancelet d.Carp e.Sea squirt f.Lamprey eel. | a. Amphibia. b. Chondrichthyes. c. Cephalochordata. d. Osteichthyes e. Urochordata. f. Agnatha. |
| 3. What do sea squirts, lampreys, and amphibians have in common? | They all have a vertebrae or notochord at some stage or all of their life. |
| 4. What is the difference between cartilage and bone? | Bone is harder and less flexible, and cartilage is softer and more flexible. |
| 5. You see a blood vessel from a creature. You have no idea what creature and you have no idea where it came from. You do notice, however, that the blood vessel wall is very thin. What kind of blood vessel is this? | Capillary. |
| 6. What do red blood cells do? | They transport oxygen to tissue. |
| 7. What protein gives red blood cells their color? | Hemoglobin. |
| 8. Frogs and toads are quite uncoordinated. They move their muscles in a very jerky manner. Which brain lobe is small in amphibians? | The cerebellum. |
| 9. An owl has very sensitive vision. Which brain lobes are larger in the owl compared to the "average" vertebrate? | Optic lobes. |
| 10. A creature reproduces when the female receives sperm from the male and then lays an egg which hatches. Is fertilization internal or external? What kind of development is this? | Internal fertilization. Oviparous development. |
| 11. Which has the most inflexible skeleton: a ray, a lamprey, or a salmon? | Salmon. |
| 12. What do Atlantic salmon and many lampreys have in common? | They are both anadromous. |
| 13. What is the shark's most sensitive means of finding prey? | Electrical field sensor. |
| 14. What function does the lateral line perform in sharks and bony fish? | Detects vibratrions in the water. |
| 15. What function do the dorsal fins perform in both sharks and bony fish? What function does the anterior dorsal fin play only in bony fish? | Balancing. It's a defense against predators. |
| 16. What is the major difference between the tail of a ray and the tail of a skate? | Rays have slender tails, and skates have thicker, fleshy tails. |
| 17. Identify the structures in the top figure on page 427. | a. Esophagus. b. Brain. c. Spinal cord. d. Stomach. e. Air bladder. f. Kidney. g. Gonad. h. Anus. i. Intestine. j. Pyloric ceca. k. Gall bladder. l. Liver. m. Heart. n. Gills. |
| 18. Describe the basic function of each organ in problem #17. | a.Moves food b.Controls nervous system c.Transmit signals for brain d.Breaks down and stores food e.Suspends fish in water f.Makes bile g.Reproduction h.Expels waste i.Digests j.Secretes enzymes k.Stores bile l.Secretes bile m.Pumps blood n.Filters oxygen |
| 19. Identify the structures in the bottom figure on page 427. | a. Anterior cardial vein. b. Efferent brachial arteries. c. Dorsal aorta. d. Kidney. e. Posterior cardial vein. f. Atrium. g. Ventricle. h. Ventral aorta. i. Afferent brachial arteries. j. Gills. |
| 20. Of the structures listed in problem #19, which are veins, which are arteries, and which are neither? | a. Vein. b. Artery. c. Neither. d. Neither. e. Vein. f. Neither. g. Neither. h. Neither. i. Artery. j. Neither. |
| 21. List the six common characteristics of amphibians. | Endoskeleton made mostly of bone, smooth skin with many capillaries and pigments, two pairs of limbs with webbed feet, as many as four organs for respiration, three-chambered heart, and oviparous with external fertilization. |
| 22. What is the difference between a toad and a frog? | Frogs have smooth , shiny skin that dries easily. Toads have dry, bumpy skin. |
| 23. For most amphibians, what is the major respiratory organ? | Skin. |
Created by:
LiseBrinkley
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