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Gas exchange
final patho
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| 4 essential component of gas exchange | mechanics of a breath, perfusion, ventilation, transport |
| Ventilation-perfusion ratio: | measure the effectiveness of gas exchange; Air reaching alveoli: blood reaching alveoli |
| normal ventilation-perfusion ration: | 4:5 alveoli receive 4L/min of air: capillaries supply blood at 5L/min |
| oxyhemoglobin | oxygen combines loosely with the heme portion of hemoglobin to form oxyhemoglobin most important function: combine oxygen in lungs and release oxygen to peripheral tissues |
| erythropoietin | responsible for the stimulation of RBC production, is secreted by the kidneys in response to low oxygen levels in blood |
| What stimulates erythropoietin? | any condition that causes hypoxia like cardiac disease, lung disease |
| Healthy RBC | Protein, iron, B12, Folic acid |
| COPD | Increase in resistance to airflow from the trachea and larger bronchi to the terminal and respiratory bronchioles |
| COPD starts as what | bronchitis or emphysema |
| s/s of COPD | hypersecretion of mucus, hypoxia, cyanosis, cough longer than 3 months of of year |
| Chronic bronchitis | decrease in arterial oxygenation, hypoventilation, cannot get air IN |
| Chronic bronchitis s/s | BLUE BLOATER; cough, SOB, using assessor muscles to breathe, hypertension, high hemoglobin, edema, wheezing, right sided heart failure, liver enlargement, low pulse ox , clubbing of fingers |
| Emphysema | Air trapping, loss of elasticity in alveoli, cannot get air OUT |
| Emphysema s/s | PINK PUFFER; barrel shaped chest, prolonged expiration, decreased breath sounds |
| Bronchectasis | All forms of COPD leads to this |
| Pulmonary embolism | occlusion of a portion of the pulmonary arterial bed by a thrombus, embolus, tissue fragment, lipid, or air bubble, IMPAIRED PERFUSION |
| s/s of pulmonary embolism | Dyspnea, chest pain, tachycardia, feeling of impending doom, cough, low grade fever, leg edema, cyanosis, distended neck veins, bloody sputum |
| Risk factors of PE | Long term immobility, heart failure, a-fib, cancer, sickle cell, varicose veins, pregnancy, burns, obesity, hormonal contraceptives, |
| Iron deficiency anemia | insufficient delivery of oxygen to the tissues die to an inadequate number of healthy RBC's in blood due to insufficient iron storing. IMPAIRED TRANSPORT |
| s/s of iron deficiency anemia | Weakness, fatigue, pica, koilonychias, glossitis, cheilitis, hair loss, pallor, SOB, tachycardia, headache, cold numb fingers |
| Pica | craving non-nutirent substances |
| Koilonychias | dry, brittle, ridged nails with concave contours |
| Glossitis | tender, pale, atrophic tongue |
| Cheilitis | cracking of edge of lips |
| Normal hemoglobin range | 14-18 g/dL male; 12-16 g/dL female |
| normal hematocrit | 42-52% male; 37-47% female |
| Risk population for anemia | vegans, women with excess menstrual bleeding, pregnant women, elderly, children going from breast milk to ow, person with slow GI bleed |
Created by:
Anna91715
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