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Psychology
Unit 1 Scientific Foundations of Psychology (Introducing Psychology)
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| psychology | the scientific study of behavior and mental processes |
| empiricism | the view that (a) knowledge comes from experience via the senses, and (b) science flourishes through observation and experiment |
| structuralism | an early school of psychology that used introspection to explore the elemental structure of the human mind |
| functionalism | a school of psychology that focused on how mental and behavioral processes function - how they enable the organism to adapt, survive, and flourish |
| humanistic psychology | historically significant perspective that emphasized the growth potential of healthy people; used personalized methods to study personality in hopes of fostering personal growth |
| nature-nurture issue | the longstanding controversy over the relative contributions that genes and experience make to the development of psychological traits and behaviors |
| natural selection | the principle that, among the range of inherited trait variations, those contributing to reproduction and survival will most likely be passed on to succeeding generations |
| levels of analysis | the differing complementary views, from biological to psychological to social-cultural, for analyzing any given phenomenon |
| biopsychosocial approach | an integrated perspective that incorporates biological, psychological, and social-cultural levels of analysis |
| basic research | pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base |
| applied research | scientific study that aims to solve practical problems |
| counseling psychology | a branch of psychology that assists people with problems in living (often related yo school, work, or marriage) and in achieving greater well-being |
| clinical psychology | a branch of psychology that studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders |
| psychiatry | a branch of medicine dealing with psychological disorders; practiced by physicians who sometimes provide medical (for example, drug) treatments as well as psychological therapy |
| Wilhelm Wundt | Established the first psychology laboratory at the University of Leipzig, Germany (person) |
| Edward Titchener | Used introspection to search for the mind's structural elements (person) |
| William James | A legendary teacher-writer who authored an important 1890 psychology text; mentored Calkins |
| Mary Whiton Calkins | A pioneering memory researcher and the first woman to be president of the American Psychological Association (person) |
| Introspection | Looking inward |
| Margaret Floy Washburn | The first woman to receive a psychology Ph.D.; synthesized animal behavior research in "The Animal Mind" in 1908 |
| John B. Watson | Started behaviorism; they showed that fear could be learned, in experiments on a baby who became famous as "Little Albert" |
| Cognitive Psychology | scientifically explores the ways we perceive, process, and remember information; thinking and interpretation |
| Cognitive Neuroscience | The interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked with cognition (including perception, thinking, memory, and language) |
| Behaviorism | The view that psychology (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior without references to mental processes; |
| B. F. Skinner | Leading behaviorist that rejected introspection and studied how consequences shape behavior |
| Sigmund Freud | The controversial ideas of this famed personality theorist and therapist have influenced humanity's self-understanding |
| Cognitive Revolution | Led the field back to its early interest in mental processes, such as the importance of how our mind processes and retains information |
| Behavior | Anything an organism does - any action we can observe and record |
| Mental Processes | The internal, subjective experiences we infer from behavior - sensations, perceptions, dreams, thoughts, beliefs, and feelings |
| Charles Darwin | Argued that natural selections shapes behaviors as well as bodies (person) |
| Evolutionary Psychology | The study of the evolution of behavior and the mind, using principles of natural selection |
| Behavior Genetics | The study of the relative power and limits of genetic and environmental influences on behavior |
| Culture | The enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values, and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next |
| Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, and Democratic | WEIRD cultures |
| Positive Psychology | The scientific study of human functioning, with the goal of discovering and promoting strengths and virtues that help individuals and communities to thrive |
| Biopsychosocial Approach | An integrated approach that incorporates biological, psychological, and social-cultural levels of analysis |
| Social-Cultural Influence | Presence of others; cultural, societal, and family expectations; peer and other group influences; and compelling models (such as in the media) |
| Neuroscience Focus | How the body and brain enable emotions, memories, and sensory experiences |
| Evolutionary Focus | How the natural selection of traits has promoted the survival of genes |
| Behavior Genetics Focus | How our genes and our environment influence our individual differences |
| Psychodynamic Focus | How behavior springs from unconscious drives and conflicts |
| Behavioral Focus | How we learn observable responses |
| Social-Cultural Focus | How behavior and thinking vary across situations and cultures |
| Developmental Psychologists | Studying our changing abilities over life, from womb to tomb |
| Personality Psychologists | Investigating our persistent traits |
| Social Psychologists | Exploring how we view and affect one another |
| Testing Effect | Enhanced memory after retrieving, rather than rereading, information; also sometimes referred to as a retrieval practice effect or test-enhanced learning |
| Industrial-Organizational Psychologists | Use psychology's concepts and methods in the workplace to help organizations and companies select and train employees, boost morale and productivity, design products, and implement systems |
Created by:
jmason23
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