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AP Psych Unit 7B
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| cognition | all mental processes associated with thinking, knowing, and remembering |
| concept | a mental grouping of similar objects or events |
| prototype | a mental image of a category |
| creativity | the ability to produce novel and valuable ideas |
| convergent thinking | helps narrow down the available solutions in order to determine the best one |
| divergent thinking | helps expand the number of possible solutions |
| algorithm | a methodical procedure that guarantees solving a problem |
| heuristic | a thinking strategy that allows us to solve a problem more efficiently |
| insight | a sudden realization of a problem's solution |
| confirmation bias | the tendency to look for information that supports our preconception and ignore evidence that opposes it |
| fixation | something that prevents us from reaching the solution to a problem |
| mental set | a tendency to approach a problem in one particular way |
| functional fixedness | when you are only able to imagine an object being used for its intended purpose |
| intuition | an effortless, automatic feeling or thought without concious reasoning |
| representativeness heuristic | judging the likelihood of an event by how closely it matches your prototype of that event |
| availability heuristic | estimating the likelihood of an event by how readily available information is in your memory |
| anchoring heuristic | you are given an anchor to make adjustments around; used in negotiation |
| overconfidence | to overestimate the accuracy of our beliefs and ideas |
| belief bias | when you manipulate evidence to support your beliefs |
| belief perserverence | clinging to initial conceptions even after they have been disproved or discredited |
| framing | the way an issue is presented can affect our judgements |
| language | words and the way we combine them in order to communicate |
| phonemes | the smallest distinctive sound units in language |
| morphemes | the smallest units that carry meaning in language |
| grammar | a system of language rules that enable us to communicate clearly and understand one another |
| semantics | the set of rules for deriving meaning from sounds in a language |
| syntax | the set of rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences |
| surface structure | syntax in a language |
| deep structure | semantics in a language |
| receptive language | the ability to understand what is said to or about you |
| productive language | the ability to produce words |
| babbling stage | infant speech stage of uttering sounds unrelated to the language |
| one-word stage | speech stage in which the child uses mostly single word statements |
| two-word stage | speech stage in which the child uses mostly two word statements |
| telegraphic speech | speech during the two-word stage where the child speaks like a telegram, using mostly nouns and verbs |
| universal grammar | Chomsky's idea that some rules of grammar are hard-wired into our brains and do not need to be learned |
| critical period | the period shortly after birth in which something must develop, or else it never will |
| linguistic determination | Whorf's hypothesis that language determines how we think |
| bilingual advantage | bilingual children can more easily identify syntax in a language |
| language acquisition device | acts as a switch in the brain to turn on language acquisition |
| mental rehearsal | when you imagine yourself performing an action in order to prepare for when you actually have to do it |
Created by:
TessaMeyers
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