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AP Hum Geo Midterm
AP Hum Geo Midterm Study Guide Clem
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Language Convergence | Languages that were previously isolated come in contact and diffuse. |
| Language Divergence | Languages becoming different over time and space. |
| Ways Language Diffuses | Through conquest and agriculture. |
| The Conquest Theory | Languages get replaced as groups take over geographic areas. |
| The Agriculture Theory | Languages diffused when poor farming in Anatolia led people to migrate away. |
| Protolanguage | An ancestral language that has been lost or replaced. |
| Ethnic Religions | Relate a specific culture, ethnic heritage, and the physical geography of a particular place; they do not appeal to all people, only a single locale within an ethnicity; Ex. Judaism and Hinduism. |
| Universalizing Religions | Offer belief systems that are popular to the universal population; they look for new members welcome anyone who wishes to adopt their beliefs; Ex. Christianity, Islam, Catholicism, Buddhism |
| Monotheistic Religions | Religions that believe there is only one god or divine being; These religions all started in similar places; Ex. Catholicism, Christianity, Islam |
| Polytheistic Religions | Religions that believe there are multiple gods or divine beings usually responsible for areas of the universe; Ex. Hinduism |
| Centrifugal Forces | A force that divides people and countries. |
| Centripetal Forces | A force that unifies people and countries. |
| Diffusion | The spread of people, things, ideas, cultural practices, disease, and technology from place to place. |
| Types of Diffusion | Relocation, Contagious, Hierarchical, and Stimulus |
| Relocation Diffusion | Is the spread of a characteristic through the movement of people. |
| Contagious Diffusion | Is the spread of a characteristic equally without regards to social class, economic position, or position of power. |
| Syncretism | The blending of cultures to make something new. |
| Creolization | The process in which two or more languages converge to form a new language. |
| Taboo | An action or behavior that is forbidden in a specific culture. |
| Language | A system of communication through speech. |
| Language Family | A collection of languages related to each other through a common ancestor long before recorded history. |
| Language Divisions | Family, branch, group. |
| Hierarchical Diffusion | Is the spread of an idea through passing from higher to lower levels. |
| Stimulus Diffusion | Is the spread of an trait that is adapted to fit a culture's beliefs or needs; The underlying principle stays the same while the rest is adapted or improved. |
| Acculturation | The adoption of cultural traits by one group under the influence of another; Cultures becoming more alike. |
| Assimilation | The process through which people lose originally differentiating traits when they come in contact with other cultures or societies; Ex. immigrant adaptation to new places. |
| Intervening Obstacles | Environmental or cultural features that hinders migration. |
| Intervening Opportunity | A feature that causes a migrant to choose a destination other than their original one. |
| Step Migration | A type of gradual migration that happens in a series of steps; It is the most common way for rural families to arrive in an urban setting; Ex. From farm to village, from village to town, from town to city. |
| Chain Migration | Migration of people to a specific location because of relatives or members of the same nationality have previously migrated there. |
| Language Branch | A collection of languages related by a common ancestor that existed several thousand years ago. |
| Language Group | A collection of languages within a branch that share a common origin in relatively recent times; They display subtle differences in in grammar and vocabulary. |
| Lingua Franca | Is a language that combines simple words from multiple languages to understand others and facilitate trade. |
| Isogloss | A boundary between two distinct linguistic regions. |
| Brain Drain | The collective loss of skill, education, training, and wealth that occurs when highly educated and wealthy people move from a country. |
| Culture Traits | Traits unique to a specific group of people; Ex. Language, ethnicity, religion, and social institutions. |
| Cultural Landscape | Cultural attributes of an area used to describe a place. |
| Anti Natalist Policies | Policies that discourage women to have children. |
| Ravenstein's First Law of Migration | Most Migrants only move a short distance. |
| Ravenstein's Second Law of Migration | There is a process of absorption, whereby people immediately surrounding a rapidly growing town move into it and the gaps they leave are filled by migrants from more distant areas, and so on until the force is spent. |
| Ravenstein's Third Law of Migration | There is a process of dispersion, which is the inverse of absortion. |
| Total Fertility Rate | The average number of children a woman will have during her child bearing years. |
| Carrying Capacity | The ability for the land to sustain a certain number of people. |
| Dependency Ratio | The ratio of children or older person in comparison to the working population. |
| Pro Natalist Policies | Policies encouraging women to have children. |
| Ravenstein's Fourth Law of Migration | Each migration flow produces a compensating counter-flow. |
| Ravenstein's Fifth Law of Migration | Long-distance migrants go to one of the great centers of commerce and industry. |
| Ravenstein's Sixth Law of Migration | Natives of towns are less migratory than those of rural areas. |
| Ravenstein's Seventh Law of Migration | Females are more migratory than males. |
| Ravenstein's Eighth Law of Migration | Economic factors are the main cause of migration. |
| Population Pyramids | Show gender and age; LDCs have pyramids that look like triangles; MDCs have pyramids that are inverted or take the shape of coke bottles. |
| Stage 1 in DTM | High CBR(Crude Birth Rate), no education on contraception; famine and disease keep CDR(Crude Death Rate) high. |
| Stage 2 in DTM | CBR high, no education on contraception; Mass food production keeping CDR low. |
| Stage 3 in DTM | Women gain rights & CBR falls drastically; CDR falls because of advancements in healthcare. |
| Purposeful Movement | Involves a change of permanent residence. |
| Cyclical Movement | Movement that has a closed route; Ex. Commuting to work or school |
| Types of Migration | Cultural, environmental, political, forced, and economic. |
| Refugee | A person who flees due to war, persecution or natural disaster. |
| Asylum Seeker | A person who is specifically seeking safety from their country. |
| Stage 4 in DTM | ZPG(Zero Population Growth) due to career oriented women and outstanding healthcare. |
| Stage 5 in DTM | Negative population growth due to delayed family starts and focus on careers. |
| Long-term Relocation | An Individual, household, or group to a new location outside the community of orgin. |
| Push Factors | Unfavorable characteristics of a locale that leads to inhabitants leaving. |
| Pull Factors | Characteristics of a place or region that act as attractive forces. |
| Physiological Density | People per farmland; Total number of people divided by the total area of arable land; Shows the strain of people on the land to produce enough food. |
| Arithmetic Density | People per land; Total number of people divided by land area; Does not state population distribution within a country. |
| Types of Movement | Cyclical, periodic, migratory, transhumance, guest worker. |
| Periodic Movement | Movement that has a lengthy return date; Ex. College or deployment |
| Migratory Movement | Movement that is permanent; Ex. Moving to a new city. |
| Transhumance Movement | Seasonal movement of livestock between winter and summer pastures; A type of pastoralism or nomadism. |
| Transnational Migration | Migrants develop and maintain in the new and previous country; Identifying across multiple countries - blurring their nationality; Creates culture in the new country and sends money back to family(remittances). |
| Guest Worker | A non-permanent worker that comes in for low-cost labor. |
| Agricultural Density | Farmer per farmland; Ratio of number of farmers to the amount of arable land; MDCs have a lower density because technology allows few to farm for many; LDCs have a high density because of a lack of technology. More peo |
| Malthusian Theory | Population grows exponentially while food grows linearly. If left unchecked by famine, disease, and war we will eventually outgrow out food supply. |
| Sustainability | The use of Earth's resources in ways to ensure their availability for future generations. |
| Toponyms | The science of place names based on the location. |
| Globalization | the increasing connection of economic, cultural, and political characteristics across the world. |
| Environmental Determinism | The philosophy that people's behaviors are a direct result of the environment. |
| Environmental Possibilism | The idea that the environment may set limits on humanity but that humanity can adapt to the environment. |
| Site | The physical character of a place; The location and the significance of it. |
| Absolute Location | The position on the surface of the Earth using longitude and latitude. |
| Relative Location | The position on the surface of the Earth in comparison to other features on the Earth. |
| Situation | Relates to the surrounding features of a place, natural and human-made. |
| Formal Region | An area which everyone shares distinctive characteristics. |
| Functional Region(Nodal Regions) | A social or economic region that occurs between a node or focal point and the surrounding areas. |
| Vernacular Region(Perceptual Region) | A region that people believe exists as part of their cultural idea; People's perception of the place around them created by an informal sense of place. |
| Distance Decay | The theory that states as distance between two places increases they interact less. |
| Agriculture | The raising of animals and growing of crops on landed to obtain a primary source of food for the farmer and their family. |
| Industrialization | The development of industries by the implementation of machine production of goods. |
| Demographics | The study of population characteristics such as birth rate, death rate, life expectancy, etc. |
| Geographic Information Systems(GIS) | Geographical data mapped in order to help make decisions for businesses, governments, or people. |
| Global Positioning Systems(GPS) | Uses remote sensing from satellites navigation to provide location and data. |
| Choropleth | A map with areas shaded or patterns proportionate to the measurement of statistical data. |
| Mercator Projection | Used for navigation and sailing; Is the least distorted of all of the projections. |
| Robinson Projection | Shapes near the poles are flat; Continents appear similar to the globe; Minor distortions and distances at the poles are incorrect; Most common of the projections. |
| Cartography | The science of map making. |
| Scale | Is the relationship between distances on the map and on the surface of the Earth; Can be local or global; Can be by fractions, ratios, or verballys. |
| Time-Space Compression | The ability to move an item from one place to another and the acceleration of that process; The idea that the world is getting smaller because of advancements in technology. |
| Time-Space Convergence | Internet increases the interaction of cultures; The idea that the world is smaller because of advancements in communication; Things diffuse faster than before because of improvements in technology. |
| Sequent Occupance | The notion that succesive cultures leave imprints on the cultural landscape; Each lead to a cumulative cultural landscape. |
| Isoline | A map that has lines that join in places of equal values. |
| Cartogram | A map where the size of a region is distorted to convey some statistical value. |
| Proportional Symbol | A thematic map in which the size or number of a chosen symbol indicates the relative statistical value for a geographic region. |
| Remote Sensing | Study the position of an object without making physical contact; Satellites use it to collect data. |
| Scale of Analysis | Used by geographers to analyze relations among places to reveal important spatial patterns. |
| Census | Survey of a country's population. |
| Region | Any area differentiated from surrounding areas by at least one characteristics. |
| Culture | Shared characteristics of a group of people such as beliefs, behavioral patterns, and norms. |
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