AP Hum Geo Midterm Study Guide Clem
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| Language Convergence | Languages that were previously isolated come in contact and diffuse.
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| Language Divergence | Languages becoming different over time and space.
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| Ways Language Diffuses | Through conquest and agriculture.
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| The Conquest Theory | Languages get replaced as groups take over geographic areas.
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| The Agriculture Theory | Languages diffused when poor farming in Anatolia led people to migrate away.
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| Protolanguage | An ancestral language that has been lost or replaced.
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| Ethnic Religions | Relate a specific culture, ethnic heritage, and the physical geography of a particular place; they do not appeal to all people, only a single locale within an ethnicity; Ex. Judaism and Hinduism.
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| Universalizing Religions | Offer belief systems that are popular to the universal population; they look for new members welcome anyone who wishes to adopt their beliefs; Ex. Christianity, Islam, Catholicism, Buddhism
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| Monotheistic Religions | Religions that believe there is only one god or divine being; These religions all started in similar places; Ex. Catholicism, Christianity, Islam
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| Polytheistic Religions | Religions that believe there are multiple gods or divine beings usually responsible for areas of the universe; Ex. Hinduism
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| Centrifugal Forces | A force that divides people and countries.
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| Centripetal Forces | A force that unifies people and countries.
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| Diffusion | The spread of people, things, ideas, cultural practices, disease, and technology from place to place.
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| Types of Diffusion | Relocation, Contagious, Hierarchical, and Stimulus
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| Relocation Diffusion | Is the spread of a characteristic through the movement of people.
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| Contagious Diffusion | Is the spread of a characteristic equally without regards to social class, economic position, or position of power.
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| Syncretism | The blending of cultures to make something new.
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| Creolization | The process in which two or more languages converge to form a new language.
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| Taboo | An action or behavior that is forbidden in a specific culture.
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| Language | A system of communication through speech.
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| Language Family | A collection of languages related to each other through a common ancestor long before recorded history.
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| Language Divisions | Family, branch, group.
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| Hierarchical Diffusion | Is the spread of an idea through passing from higher to lower levels.
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| Stimulus Diffusion | Is the spread of an trait that is adapted to fit a culture's beliefs or needs; The underlying principle stays the same while the rest is adapted or improved.
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| Acculturation | The adoption of cultural traits by one group under the influence of another; Cultures becoming more alike.
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| Assimilation | The process through which people lose originally differentiating traits when they come in contact with other cultures or societies; Ex. immigrant adaptation to new places.
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| Intervening Obstacles | Environmental or cultural features that hinders migration.
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| Intervening Opportunity | A feature that causes a migrant to choose a destination other than their original one.
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| Step Migration | A type of gradual migration that happens in a series of steps; It is the most common way for rural families to arrive in an urban setting; Ex. From farm to village, from village to town, from town to city.
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| Chain Migration | Migration of people to a specific location because of relatives or members of the same nationality have previously migrated there.
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| Language Branch | A collection of languages related by a common ancestor that existed several thousand years ago.
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| Language Group | A collection of languages within a branch that share a common origin in relatively recent times; They display subtle differences in in grammar and vocabulary.
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| Lingua Franca | Is a language that combines simple words from multiple languages to understand others and facilitate trade.
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| Isogloss | A boundary between two distinct linguistic regions.
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| Brain Drain | The collective loss of skill, education, training, and wealth that occurs when highly educated and wealthy people move from a country.
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| Culture Traits | Traits unique to a specific group of people; Ex. Language, ethnicity, religion, and social institutions.
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| Cultural Landscape | Cultural attributes of an area used to describe a place.
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| Anti Natalist Policies | Policies that discourage women to have children.
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| Ravenstein's First Law of Migration | Most Migrants only move a short distance.
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| Ravenstein's Second Law of Migration | There is a process of absorption, whereby people immediately surrounding a rapidly growing town move into it and the gaps they leave are filled by migrants from more distant areas, and so on until the force is spent.
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| Ravenstein's Third Law of Migration | There is a process of dispersion, which is the inverse of absortion.
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| Total Fertility Rate | The average number of children a woman will have during her child bearing years.
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| Carrying Capacity | The ability for the land to sustain a certain number of people.
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| Dependency Ratio | The ratio of children or older person in comparison to the working population.
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| Pro Natalist Policies | Policies encouraging women to have children.
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| Ravenstein's Fourth Law of Migration | Each migration flow produces a compensating counter-flow.
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| Ravenstein's Fifth Law of Migration | Long-distance migrants go to one of the great centers of commerce and industry.
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| Ravenstein's Sixth Law of Migration | Natives of towns are less migratory than those of rural areas.
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| Ravenstein's Seventh Law of Migration | Females are more migratory than males.
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| Ravenstein's Eighth Law of Migration | Economic factors are the main cause of migration.
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| Population Pyramids | Show gender and age; LDCs have pyramids that look like triangles; MDCs have pyramids that are inverted or take the shape of coke bottles.
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| Stage 1 in DTM | High CBR(Crude Birth Rate), no education on contraception; famine and disease keep CDR(Crude Death Rate) high.
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| Stage 2 in DTM | CBR high, no education on contraception; Mass food production keeping CDR low.
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| Stage 3 in DTM | Women gain rights & CBR falls drastically; CDR falls because of advancements in healthcare.
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| Purposeful Movement | Involves a change of permanent residence.
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| Cyclical Movement | Movement that has a closed route; Ex. Commuting to work or school
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| Types of Migration | Cultural, environmental, political, forced, and economic.
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| Refugee | A person who flees due to war, persecution or natural disaster.
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| Asylum Seeker | A person who is specifically seeking safety from their country.
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| Stage 4 in DTM | ZPG(Zero Population Growth) due to career oriented women and outstanding healthcare.
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| Stage 5 in DTM | Negative population growth due to delayed family starts and focus on careers.
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| Long-term Relocation | An Individual, household, or group to a new location outside the community of orgin.
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| Push Factors | Unfavorable characteristics of a locale that leads to inhabitants leaving.
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| Pull Factors | Characteristics of a place or region that act as attractive forces.
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| Physiological Density | People per farmland; Total number of people divided by the total area of arable land; Shows the strain of people on the land to produce enough food.
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| Arithmetic Density | People per land; Total number of people divided by land area; Does not state population distribution within a country.
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| Types of Movement | Cyclical, periodic, migratory, transhumance, guest worker.
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| Periodic Movement | Movement that has a lengthy return date; Ex. College or deployment
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| Migratory Movement | Movement that is permanent; Ex. Moving to a new city.
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| Transhumance Movement | Seasonal movement of livestock between winter and summer pastures; A type of pastoralism or nomadism.
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| Transnational Migration | Migrants develop and maintain in the new and previous country; Identifying across multiple countries - blurring their nationality; Creates culture in the new country and sends money back to family(remittances).
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| Guest Worker | A non-permanent worker that comes in for low-cost labor.
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| Agricultural Density | Farmer per farmland; Ratio of number of farmers to the amount of arable land; MDCs have a lower density because technology allows few to farm for many; LDCs have a high density because of a lack of technology. More peo
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| Malthusian Theory | Population grows exponentially while food grows linearly. If left unchecked by famine, disease, and war we will eventually outgrow out food supply.
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| Sustainability | The use of Earth's resources in ways to ensure their availability for future generations.
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| Toponyms | The science of place names based on the location.
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| Globalization | the increasing connection of economic, cultural, and political characteristics across the world.
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| Environmental Determinism | The philosophy that people's behaviors are a direct result of the environment.
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| Environmental Possibilism | The idea that the environment may set limits on humanity but that humanity can adapt to the environment.
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| Site | The physical character of a place; The location and the significance of it.
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| Absolute Location | The position on the surface of the Earth using longitude and latitude.
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| Relative Location | The position on the surface of the Earth in comparison to other features on the Earth.
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| Situation | Relates to the surrounding features of a place, natural and human-made.
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| Formal Region | An area which everyone shares distinctive characteristics.
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| Functional Region(Nodal Regions) | A social or economic region that occurs between a node or focal point and the surrounding areas.
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| Vernacular Region(Perceptual Region) | A region that people believe exists as part of their cultural idea; People's perception of the place around them created by an informal sense of place.
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| Distance Decay | The theory that states as distance between two places increases they interact less.
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| Agriculture | The raising of animals and growing of crops on landed to obtain a primary source of food for the farmer and their family.
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| Industrialization | The development of industries by the implementation of machine production of goods.
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| Demographics | The study of population characteristics such as birth rate, death rate, life expectancy, etc.
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| Geographic Information Systems(GIS) | Geographical data mapped in order to help make decisions for businesses, governments, or people.
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| Global Positioning Systems(GPS) | Uses remote sensing from satellites navigation to provide location and data.
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| Choropleth | A map with areas shaded or patterns proportionate to the measurement of statistical data.
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| Mercator Projection | Used for navigation and sailing; Is the least distorted of all of the projections.
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| Robinson Projection | Shapes near the poles are flat; Continents appear similar to the globe; Minor distortions and distances at the poles are incorrect; Most common of the projections.
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| Cartography | The science of map making.
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| Scale | Is the relationship between distances on the map and on the surface of the Earth; Can be local or global; Can be by fractions, ratios, or verballys.
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| Time-Space Compression | The ability to move an item from one place to another and the acceleration of that process; The idea that the world is getting smaller because of advancements in technology.
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| Time-Space Convergence | Internet increases the interaction of cultures; The idea that the world is smaller because of advancements in communication; Things diffuse faster than before because of improvements in technology.
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| Sequent Occupance | The notion that succesive cultures leave imprints on the cultural landscape; Each lead to a cumulative cultural landscape.
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| Isoline | A map that has lines that join in places of equal values.
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| Cartogram | A map where the size of a region is distorted to convey some statistical value.
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| Proportional Symbol | A thematic map in which the size or number of a chosen symbol indicates the relative statistical value for a geographic region.
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| Remote Sensing | Study the position of an object without making physical contact; Satellites use it to collect data.
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| Scale of Analysis | Used by geographers to analyze relations among places to reveal important spatial patterns.
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| Census | Survey of a country's population.
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| Region | Any area differentiated from surrounding areas by at least one characteristics.
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| Culture | Shared characteristics of a group of people such as beliefs, behavioral patterns, and norms.
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