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Modules 37-44
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| drive-reduction theory | the idea that a physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need |
| hierarchy of needs | Maslow's pyramid of human needs, beginning at the base with physiological needs that must first be satisfied before higher-level safety needs and then psychological needs become active |
| homeostasis | a tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry, such as glucose, around a particular level |
| incentive | a positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior |
| instinct | a complex behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species and is unlearned |
| motivation | a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior |
| Yerkes-Dodson law | the principle that performance increases with arousal only up to a point, beyond which performance decreases |
| basal metabolic rate | the body's resting rate of energy expenditure |
| glucose | the form of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides the major source of energy for body tissues. When it is low, we feel hunger |
| set point | the point at which an individual's "weight thermostat" is supposedly set. When the body falls below this weight, an increase in hunger and a lowered metabolic rate may act to restore the lost weight |
| estrogens | sex hormones, such as estradiol, secreted in greater amount by females than by males and contributing to female sex characteristics |
| refractory period | a resting period after orgasm, during which a man cannot achieve another |
| sexual dysfunction | a problem that consistently impairs sexual arousal or functioning |
| sexual response cycle | the four stages of sexual responding described by Masters and Johnson ---- excitement, plateu, orgasm, and resolution |
| testosterone | the most important of the male sex hormones. Both males and females have it, but the additional testosterone in males stimulates the growth of the male sex organs in the fetus and the development of the male sex characteristics during puperty |
| Cannon-Bard theory | the theory that an emotion-arousing stimulus simultaneously triggers (1) physiological responses and (2) the subjective experience of emotion |
| emotion | a response of the whole organism, involving (1) physical arousal, (2) expressive behaviors, and (3) conscience experience |
| James-Lange theory | the theory that our experience of emotion is our awareness of our physiological responses to emotion-arousing stimuli |
| polygraph | a machine, commonly used in attempts to detect lies, that measures several of the physiological responses (such as perspiration and cardiovascular and breathing changes) accompanying emotion |
| two-factor theory | the Schachter-Singer theory that to experience emotion one must (1) be physically aroused and (2) cognitively label the arousal |
| health psychology | a sub field of psychology that provides psychology's contribution to behavioral medicine. |
| facial feedback effect | the tendency of facial muscle states to trigger corresponding feelings such as fear, anger, or happiness |
| stress | the process by which we perceive and respond to certain events, called stressors, that we appraise as threatening or challenging |
| general adaption syndrome (GAS) | Seyle's concept of the body's adaptive response to stress in three phases --- alarm, resistance, exhaustion |
| tend and befriend | under stress, people (especially women) often provide support to others (tend) and bond with and seek support from others (befriend) |
| coronary heart disease | the clogging of the vessels that nourish the heart muscle; the leading cause of death in many developed countries |
| lymphocytes | the two types of white blood cells that are part of the body's immune system (B and T) |
| psychoneuroimmunology | the study of how psychological, neural, and endocrine processes together affect the immune system and resulting health |
| psychophysiological illness | literally, "mind-body" illness; any stress-related physical illness, such as hypertension and some headaches |
| Type A | Friedman and Rosenman's term for competitive , hard-driving, verbally aggressive, and anger-prone people |
| Type B | Friedman and Rosenman's term for easygoing, relaxed people |
Created by:
margaret_05
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