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Med Terms Ch 4
Medical Terminology Chapter 4
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| muscles | muscul/o, my/o. myos/o; make body movement possible, hold body erect, move body fluids, and produce body heat |
| fascia | fasci/o; cover, support, and separate muscles |
| tendons | ten/o, tend/o, tendin/o; attach muscles to bones |
| muscle fibers | long, slender cells that make up muscles |
| fascia | band of connective tissue that envelops, separates, or binds together muscles or groups of muscles |
| myofasical | pertaining to muscle tissue and fascia |
| tendon | narrow band of nonelastic, dense, fibrous connective tissue that attaches a muscle to a bone |
| patellar tendon | attaches muscles to the bottom of patella |
| achilles tendon | attaches the gastrocnemius muscle to the heel bone |
| aponeurosis | sheet-like fibrous connective tissue resembling a flattened tendon that connects muscles together or to a bone |
| skeletal muscle | attached to the bones of the skeleton and make body motions possible |
| voluntary muscles | skeletal muscles; muscles we have conscious control over |
| striated muscles | muscles under a microscope that have a striped appearance |
| smooth muscles | located in the walls of internal organs; function is to move and control the flow of fluids through these structures |
| involuntary muscles | muscles under the control of autonomic nervous system |
| unstriated muscles | muscles that do not have a striped appearance under the microscope |
| visceral muscles | muscles found in hollow structures such as digestive and urinary systems |
| visceral | relating to the internal organs |
| myocardial muscles | myocardium, cardiac muscle; form the muscular walls of the heart; striated muscle in appearance but similar to smooth muscle as action is involuntary; contraction and relaxation of this muscle causes the heart to beat |
| muscle innervation | stimulation of a muscle by an impulse transmitted by a motor nerve |
| motor nerves | enable the brain to stimulate a muscle to contract. when the stimulation stops, the muscle relaxes. they control the body's voluntary muscular contractions |
| neuromusculare | pertaining to the relationship between a nerve and muscle |
| antagonistic` | working in opposition to each other |
| contraction | tightening of a muscle. as the muscle contracts, it becomes short and thicker, causing the belly of the muscle to enlarge |
| relaxation | when a muscle returns to its original form. as the muscle relaxes it becomes longer and thinner and the belly is no longer enlarged |
| abduction | movement of a limb away from the midline of the body. during this process the limb moves outward away from the side of the body |
| abductor | muscle that moves a body part away from the midline |
| adduction | movement of a limb toward the midline of the body. during this process the limb moves inward toward the side of the body |
| adducator | muscle that moves a body part toward the midline |
| flexion | decreasing the angle between two bones by bending a limb at a joint. during this process, the knee or elbow is bent |
| flexor muscle | bends a limb at a joint |
| extension | increasing the angle between two bones or the straightening out of a limb. during this process, the knee or elbow is straightened |
| hyperextension | extreme or overextension of a limb or body part beyond its normal limits |
| elevation | act of raising or lifting a body part |
| levator | muscle that raises a body part |
| depression | act of lowering a body part |
| depressor muscle | lowers a body part |
| rotation | circular movement around an axis such as the shoulder joint |
| axis | imaginary line that runs lengthwise through the center of the body |
| circumduction | circular movement at the far end of a limb |
| rotator muscle | turns a body part on its axis |
| rotator cuff | group of muscles and their tendons that hold the head of the humerus in place as it rotates within the shoulder joint |
| supination | act of rotating the arm or the leg so that the palm of the hand or sole of the foot is turned forward or upward |
| pronation | act of rotating the arm or leg so that the palm of the hand or sole of the foot is turned downward or backward |
| dorsiflexion | movement that bends the foot upward at the ankle |
| plantar flexion | movement that bends the foot downward at the ankle |
| plantar | pertaining to the sole of the foot |
| origin | where the muscle begins and is located nearest the midline of the body or on a less movable part of the skeleton; is the less movable attachment |
| insertion | where the muscle ends by attaching to a bone or tendon; is the more moveable attachment and is the farthest point from the midline of the body |
| sternocleidomastoid muscle | helps bend the neck and rotate the head |
| mastoid muscle | inserts at one point of insertion into the mastoid process |
| flexor carpi muscles, extensor carpi muscles | pair of muscles that make flexion and extension of the wrist possible |
| pectoralis major | thick fan-shaped muscle situated on the anterior chest wall |
| pectoral | relating to the chest |
| lateralis | toward the side |
| vastus lateralis | large muscle toward the outer side of the leg |
| medialis | toward the midline |
| vastus medialis | muscle toward the midline of the leg |
| oblique | slanted or at an angle |
| rectus | in straight alignment with the vertical axis of the body |
| sphincter | ring-like muscle that tightly constricts the opening of a passageway |
| transverse | in a crosswise direction |
| transverse abdominis | has a crosswise alignment |
| biceps brachii | biceps; formed from two divisions; flex and extend the upper arm |
| triceps brachii | triceps; formed from three divisions; flex and extend the upper arm |
| gluteus maximus | largest muscle of the buttock |
| deltoid muscle | located on the shoulder, shaped like an inverted triangle |
| hamstring group | located at the back of the upper leg, consists of three separate muscles- biceps femoris , semitendinosus, and semimembranosus |
| frontalis | occipitofrontalis; muscle in the forehead that raises and lowers the eyebrows |
| temporalis | muscle that moves the lower jaw up and back to close the mouth |
| masseter | one of the strongest in the body; moves the lower jaw up to close the mouth when chewing |
| pectoralis major | makes up the bulk of the chest muscles; in female, muscle is lies under breast |
| external oblique, internal oblique muscles | found in the abdomen |
| rectus abdominis | flex the trunk, assists in breathing, and supports the spine |
| transverse abdominis | located on the side of the abdomen; engaged when a person laughs or coughs |
| deltoid | forms the muscular cap of the shoulder |
| trapezius | moves the head and shoulder blade |
| biceps brachii | located in the anterior upper arm, flexes the elbow |
| triceps brachii | located in the posterior upper arm, extends the elbow |
| rectus femoris | extends the leg at the knee |
| quadriceps femoris | made up of four muscles, which flex and extend the leg at the knee |
| hamstring group | involved in knee flexion and hip extension |
| gastrocnemius | calf muscle that flexes the knee and bends the foot downward |
| exercise physiologist | specialist who works under the supervision of a physician to develop, implement, and coordinate exercise programs and administer medical tests to promote physical fitness |
| neurologist | physician who specializes in treating the causes of paralysis and similar muscular disorders in which there is a loss of function |
| occupational therapist | helps enable patients to participate in the activities of daily life, including self care, education, work, or social interaction |
| physiatrist | physician who specializes in physical medicine and rehabilitation with the focus on restoring function |
| rehabilitation | restoration, following disease, illness or injury, of the ability to function in a normal or near-normal manner |
| physical therapist | provides treatment to prevent disability or restore function through the use of exercise, heat, massage, or other techniques |
| sports medicine physician | specializes in treating sports-related injuries of the bones, joints, and muscles |
| fascilitis | inflammation of a fascia |
| fibromyalgia | debilitating chronic condition characterized by fatigue; diffuse or specific muscle, joint, or bone pain, and a wide range of other symptoms |
| tenosynovitis | inflammation of the sheath surrounding a tendon |
| tendinitis | inflammation of the tendons caused by excessive or unusual use of the joint |
| chronic fatigue syndrome | disorder of unknown cause; characterized by profound fatigue that is not improved by bed rest and may be made worse by physical or mental activity; symptoms are similar to fibromyalgia |
| adhesion | band of fibrous tissue that holds structures together abnormally; can form in muscles or in internal organs, as the result of an injury or surgery |
| atrophy | weakness or wearing away of body tissues and structures; can be caused by pathology or by disuse of the muscle over a long period of time |
| myalgia | tenderness or pain in the muscles |
| myocele | hernation of a muscle substance through a tear in the fascia surrounding it |
| hernia | protrusion of a part of a structure through the tissues normally containing it |
| myolysis | degeneration of muscle tissue |
| myorrhexis | rupture or tearing of a muscle |
| polymyositis | muscle disease characterized by the simultaneous inflammation and weakening of voluntary muscles in many parts of the body; affected muscles are typically those closest to the trunk and resulting weakness can be severe |
| rhabdomyolysis | serious syndrome that can result from a direct or indirect muscle injury; death of muscle fibers releases their contents into the bloodstream where they can lead to complications such as renal failure |
| sarcopenia | loss of muscle mass, strength, and function that come with aging; weight or resistance training program can improve muscle mass and slow the process |
| muscle tone | state of balanced muscle tension that makes normal posture, coordination, and movement possible |
| atonic | lacking normal muscle tone or strength |
| dystonia | condition of abnormal muscle tone that causes the impairment of voluntary muscle movement |
| hypotonia | condition in which there is diminished tone of the skeletal muscles |
| ataxia | lack of muscle coordination during voluntary movement; movements are often shaky and unsteady, are frequently caused by abnormal activity in the cerebellum |
| contracture | permanent tightening of fascia, muscles, tendons, ligaments or skin that occurs when normally elastic connective tissues are replaced with nonelastic fibrous tissues; causes are scarring or lack of use |
| intermittent claudication | pain in the leg muscles that occurs during exercise and is relieved by rest; caused by poor circulation |
| claudication | limping |
| spasm | any sudden, involuntary contraction of one or more muscles |
| tic | repeated spasm, often involving the eyelids or face; difficult or impossible to control |
| myoclonus | quick, involuntary jerking of a muscle or groups of muscles; may occur normally as a person is falling asleep, or as jerks, shakes, or spasms resulting from a neurological condition |
| singultus | myoclonus of the diaphragm that causes the hiccup sound with each spasm |
| cramp | painful localized muscle spasm often named for its cause |
| torticollis | stiff neck due to spasmodic contraction of the neck muscles that pull the head toward the affected side |
| bradykinesia | extreme slowness in movement; one of the symptoms of Parkinson's disease |
| dyskinesia | distortion or impairment of voluntary movement resulting in fragmented or jerky motions |
| hyperkinesia | abnormally increased muscle function or activity |
| myasthenia gravis | chronic autoimmune disease that affects the neuromuscular junction and produces serious weakness of voluntary muscles |
| muscular dystrophy | describes a group of more than 30 genetic diseases that are characterized by progressive weakness and degeneration of the skeletal muscles that control movement without affecting the nervous system |
| duchenne muscular dystrophy | most common form of muscular dystrophy in children; affects mostly boys with onset between 3-5; progresses rapidly with most not able to walk by age 12 and develop breathing difficulties and heart disease |
| becker muscular dystrophy | similar to but less severe than duchenne muscular dystrophy |
| repetitive stress disorders | variety of muscular conditions that result from repeated motions performed in the course of normal work, daily activities, or recreation |
| compartment syndrome | involves the compression of nerves and blood vessels due to selling within the compartment; caused by trauma, tight bandages or casts, or repetitive activities |
| overuse injuries | minor tissue injuries that have not been given time to heal |
| overuse tendinitis | inflammation of tendons caused by excessive or unusual use of a joint |
| myofascial pain syndrome | chronic pain disorder that affects muscles and fascia throughout the body; caused by a muscle being contracted repetitively; characterized by the development of trigger points, producing local and referred muscle pain |
| trigger points | tender areas that most commonly develop where the fascia comes into contact with a muscle |
| referred pain | describes pain that originates in one area of the body but is felt in another |
| impingement syndrome | occurs when inflammed and swollen tendons are caught in the narrow space between the bones within the shoulder joint; symptom is discomfort when raising your arm above your head |
| rotator cuff tendinitis | inflammation of the tendons of the rotator cuff; often named for the cause such as tennis shoulder or pitcher's shoulder |
| ruptured rotator cuff | develops when rotator cuff tendinits is left untreated or the overuse continues; occurs as the irritated tendon weakens and tears |
| carpal tunnel syndrome | symptoms occur when the tendons that pass through the carpal tunnel are chronically overused and become inflamed and swollen |
| carpal tunnel | narrow, bony passage under the carpal ligament that is located just below the inner surface of the wrist |
| carpal tunnel release | surgical enlargement of the carpal tunnel or cutting of the carpal ligament to relieve the pressure on tendons and nerves |
| ganglion cyst | harmless, fluid-filled swelling that occurs most commonly on the outer surface of the wrist; caused by repeated minor injuries, usually painless and does not require treatment |
| epicondylitis | inflammation of the tissues surrounding the elbow |
| condyle | round prominence at the end of a bone |
| lateral epicondylitis | tennis elbow, characterized by pain on the outer side of the forearm |
| medial epicondylitis | golfer's elbow; characterized by pain on the palm side of the forearm |
| heel spur | calcium deposit in the plantar fascia near its attachment to the calcaneus bone (heel bone) that is a cause of plantar fascilits |
| plantar fasciitis | inflammation of the plantar fascia on the sole of the foot; causes foot or heel pain when walking or running |
| sprain | injury to a joint; occurs when a ligament is wrenched or torn |
| strain | injury to the body of the muscle or to the attachment of a tendon; usually associated with overuse injuries |
| shin splint | painful condition caused by the tibialis anterior muscle tearing away from the tibia; can develop in the anterolateral muscles or in the posteromedial muscles of the lower leg; is usually caused by repeated stress to the lower leg |
| hamstring injury | strain or tear on any of the three hamstring muscles that straighten the hip and bend the knee; when muscles contract too quickly an injury can occur that is characterized by sudden and severe pain in the back of the thigh |
| achilles tendinitis | painful inflammation of the achilles tendon caused by excessive stress being placed on that tendon |
| illiotibial band syndrome | over use injury; illiotibial band runs from the hipbone, diagonally across the leg to the tibia; caused by the band rubbing against bone, often in knee area |
| spinal cord injury | type of paralysis caused is determined by the level of the vertebrae closest to the injury |
| incomplete injury | person has some function below the level of injury, even though that function isnt normal |
| complete injury | there is complete loss of sensation and muscle control below the level of the injury; does not mean there is no hope of improvement |
| paralysis | loss of sensation and voluntary muscle movements in a muscle through disease or injury to its nerve supply |
| myoparesis | weakness or slight muscular paralysis |
| hemiparesis | slight paralysis or weakness affecting one side of the body |
| hemplegia | total paralysis affecting only one side of the body |
| paraplegia | paralysis of both legs and the lower part of the body |
| quadriplegia | paralysis of all four extremities; individual affected with this is known as aquadriplegic |
| deep tendon reflexes | tested with a reflex hammer that is used to strike a tendon |
| reflex | involuntary response to a stimulus |
| range of motion testing | diagnostic procedure to evaluate joint mobility and muscle strength |
| electromyography | diagnostic test that measures the electrical activity within muscle fibers in response to nerve stimulation; resulting record is called electromyogram; most frequently used when people have symptoms of weakness and impaired muscle strength |
| muscle biopsy` | removal of a plug of tissue for examination; biopsy needle is commonly used to obtain specimen |
| antispasmodi | anticholinergic; administered to suppress smooth muscle contractions of the stomach, intestine or bladder |
| skeletal muscle relaxant | administered to relax certain muscles and to relieve the stiffness, pain, and discomfort caused by strains, sprains, or other muscle injuries; may have negative interaction with alcohol and some antidepressants |
| neuromuscular blocker | neuromuscular blocking agent; drug that causes temporary paralysis by blocking the transmission of nerve stimuli to the muscles; used during surgery in addition to anesthesia |
| ergonomics | study of the human factors that affect the design and operation of tools and the work environment |
| myofascial release | specialized soft-tissue manipulation technique used to ease the pain of condition such as fibromyalgia, myofascial pain syndrome, movement restrictions, temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disorders and carpal tunnel syndrome |
| occupational therapy | consists of activity to promote recovery and rehabilitation to assist patients in performing the activities of daily living |
| physical therapy | treatment to prevent disability or restore function through the use of exercise, heat, massage or other techniques |
| therapeutic ultrasound | uses high-frequency sound waves to treat muscle injuries by generating heat deep within muscle tissue; heat eases pain, reduces muscle spasms and accelarates healing by increasing the flow of blood into the target tissues |
| transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation | uses a device that delivers electrical impulses through the skin which causes changes in muscles |
| fasciotomy | surgical incision through the fascia to relieve tension or pressure; without this procedure the pressure causes a loss of circulation that damages the affected tissues |
| fascioplasty | surgical repair of a fascia |
| tenolysis | release of a tendon from adhesions |
| tenorrhaphy | surgical suturing together of the divided ends of a tendon |
| tenotomy | surgical incision into a tendon |
| ultrasound-guided percutaneous needle tenotomy | used to treat chronic tendon pain by using ultrasound-guided needle insertions to stimulate scar tissue healing within the tendon |
| platelet-rich plasma therapy | some of the patient's blood is injected into the scar tissue to promote increased blood flow and healing |
| myorrhaphy | surgical suturing of a muscle |
| myotomy | surgical incision into a muscle |
| ADL | activities of daily living |
| CTS | carpal tunnel syndrome |
| CFS | chronic fatigue syndrome |
| EMG | electromyography |
| hemi | hemiplegia |
| IC | intermittent claudication |
| MD | muscular dystrophy |
| MG | myasthenia gravis |
| OT | occupational therapy, occupational therapist |
| PM | polymyositis |
| quad | quadriplegia, quadriplegic |
| RSD | repetitive stress disorder |
| ROM | range of motion testing |
Created by:
rkent100
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