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EXAM 1
CDVS: Pathology+CDVS: Pathology 2+RESP: Anatomy+RESP: Anatomy 2+RESP: Pathology+
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| anemia | A condition in which the blood is deficient in red blood cells, in hemoglobin, or in total volume. |
| carditis | inflammation of the heart |
| valvular disease | disease of any heart valve |
| atrial fibrilliation | Quivering or irregular heartbeat (arrhythmia) that can lead to blood clots, stroke, heart failure and other heart-related complications. |
| Raynaud's disease | a peripheral arterial occlusive disease in which intermittent attacks are triggered by cold or stress |
| sepsis | Dangerous infection of the blood |
| DVT (deep vein thrombosis) | formation of a blood clot in a deep vein of the body, occuring most commonly in the legs or thighs |
| aneurysm | ballooning of a weakened portion of an arterial wall |
| arteriosclerosis | abnormal hardening of the walls of an artery or arteries |
| Atherosclerosis | condition in which fatty deposits called plaque build up on the inner walls of the arteries |
| myocardial infarction (MI) | Death of cardiac muscle due to ischemia |
| Cerebral Vascular Accident (CVA) | caused by interruption in blood flow to the brain due to a blockage or bleeding in a cerebral artery (stroke) |
| hypertension (HTN) | persistently high blood pressure |
| varicose veins | abnormally swollen, twisted veins with defective valves; most often seen in the legs |
| Leukemia | cancer of white blood cells |
| sickle cell anemia | a genetic disorder in which erythroctyes take on an abnormal curved or "sickle" shape |
| congestive heart failure (CHF) | the failure of the heart to pump efficiently, leading to excessive blood or fluids in the lungs, the body, or both |
| angina pectoris | chest pain, which may radiate to the left arm and jaw, that occurs when there is an insufficient supply of blood to the heart muscle |
| Hemophilia | a group of hereditary bleeding disorders in which a blood-clotting factor is missing |
| congenital heart defects | structural abnormalities caused by the failure of the heart to develop normally before birth |
| coronary artery disease (CAD) | Atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries that reduces the blood supply to the heart muscle. This can result in angina, MI, or death. |
| plaque | A deposit of fatty material on the inner lining of an arterial wall |
| ischemia | An inadequate blood supply to an organ or part of the body. |
| stable angina | chest pain that occurs when a person is active or under severe stress |
| unstable angina | chest pain that occurs while a person is at rest and not exerting himself |
| infarct | Necrotic area of tissue (dead tissue) following cessation of the blood supply |
| cardiomegaly | abnormal enlargement of the heart |
| valvular prolapse | the abnormal protrusion of a heart valve that results in the inability of the valve to close completely |
| valvular stenosis | a condition in which there is narrowing, stiffening, thickening, or blockage of one or more valves of the heart |
| arrhythmia | irregular heartbeat |
| asystole | absence of contractions of the heart (AKA flat line) |
| cardiac arrest | heart abruptly stops beating or develops an arrhythmia that prevents it from pumping blood effectively |
| bradycardia | slow heart rate |
| tachycardia | rapid heart rate |
| Supraventricular Tachycardia (SVT) | an abnormal heart rhythm arising from aberrant electrical activity in the heart; originates at or above the AV node |
| ventricular tachycardia | A rapid heart rhythm in which the electrical impulse begins in the ventricle (instead of the atrium), which may result in inadequate blood flow and eventually deteriorate into cardiac arrest. |
| palpitations | Feeling a heart-racing, pounding, or fluttering sensation in the chest |
| hemangioma | a benign tumor made up of newly formed blood vessels |
| hypoperfusion | a deficiency of blood passing through an organ or body part |
| phlebitis | inflammation of a vein |
| thrombosis | blood clot |
| embolism | Obstruction of a blood vessel by a clot of blood or foreign substance |
| peripheral artery disease (PAD) | Narrowing of the arteries other than those that supply the heart or the brain. |
| thrombocytopenia | a condition in which there is an abnormally small number of platelets circulating in the blood |
| polycythemia | increased number of erythrocytes in the blood |
| leukopenia | Abnormally low white blood cell count |
| hemorrhage | Excessive or profuse bleeding |
| cholesterol | a fatty substance that travels through the blood and is found in all parts of the body |
| Hyperlipidemia | high cholesterol |
| a-fib | atrial fibrillation |
| v-vib | ventricular fibrilation |
| V-tach | ventricular tachycardia |
| MI | myocardial infarction (heart attack) |
| CVA | cerebrovascular accident (stroke) |
| PAD | peripheral artery disease |
| PVD | peripheral vascular disease |
| CHD | Congenital heart disease (heart condition born wiht) |
| Ecchymosis | bruise |
| petechiae | a small red or purple spot caused by bleeding into the skin. |
| Nostril | openings in the nose |
| Nasal cavities | space between the cranium and the roof of the mouth |
| Conchae | Fleshy lobes in the nasal cavity which increase its surface area of mucous membrane- heating & filtering air. |
| Pharynx | throat; passageway for food to the esophagus and air to the larynx |
| Larynx | voice box; passageway for air moving from pharynx to trachea; contains vocal cords |
| Epiglottis | leaf-shaped structure that closes over the larynx during swallowing |
| Trachea | The windpipe; tube leading from the larynx to the lungs; a passage through which air moves in the respiratory system |
| Bronchi | Two short branches located at the lower end of the trachea that carry air into the lungs. |
| Cilia | The hairlike projections on the outside of cells that move in a wavelike manner |
| Alveoli | tiny air sacs in the lungs where exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide takes place |
| Right lung | 3 lobes |
| Left lung | 2 lobes with indentation that accomodates heart |
| Bronchioles | Progressively smaller airways in the lungs that lead from the bronchi to the alveoli. |
| Diaphram | Large, flat muscle at the bottom of the chest cavity that helps with breathing |
| Pleura | double-layered membrane surrounding each lung |
| Pleural Space | The thin, fluid-filled space between the two layers of the pleura; pleural cavity |
| nasopharynx | region of the pharynx at the back of the nose and above the soft palate |
| oropharynx | central portion of the pharynx between the roof of the mouth and the upper edge of the epiglottis |
| laryngopharynx | lower part of the pharynx, just below the oropharyngeal opening into the larynx and esophagus |
| hard palate | bony anterior (front) portion of the palate |
| soft palate | muscular posterior (back) portion of the palate |
| upper respiratory tract | consists of the nose, mouth, pharynx, epiglottis, larynx, and trachea |
| lower respiratory tract | consists of the bronchial tree and lungs |
| thoracic cavity (thorax) | rib cage |
| mucous membrane (mucosa) | This membrane lines passageways that open to the exterior environment. |
| mucus | slippery secretion produced by the mucous membranes that protects and lubricates these tissues |
| olfactory receptors | nerve endings that act as the receptors for the sense of smell |
| tonsils | Part of lymphatic system, help protect the body from infection coming through the nose or mouth. |
| mediastinum | area between the lungs containing the heart, aorta, venae cavae, esophagus, and trachea |
| parietal pleura | outer layer of pleura lying closer to the ribs and chest wall |
| visceral pleura | inner layer of pleura lying closer to the lung tissue |
| phrenic nerve | stimulates the diaphragm and causes it to contract |
| Inhalation | Active process of drawing air into the lungs |
| Exhalation | Passive action of expulsion of air from lungs |
| Carbon Dioxide | Produced continuously in the tissues as a by product of cellular respiration. It diffuses from tissue cells into the blood and transported to lungs for elimination. |
| Bicarbonate (HCO3) | Large majority of carbon dioxide is transported as this ion which is formed when CO2 undergoes a chemical change to enter the RBC. |
| Cerebral cortex | Higher brain center that allows you to deliberately breath more rapidly or more slowly or to hold your breath. |
| Chemoreceptors | chemical sensors in the brain and blood vessels that identify changing levels of oxygen and carbon dioxide |
| Central chemoreceptors | Located on either side of the brain stem, near the medulla. |
| Hypercapnia | the abnormal buildup of carbon dioxide in the blood |
| Peripheral chemoreceptors | sensory receptor cells located in the aortic arch and carotid arteries that are sensitive to changes in blood oxygen level |
| Stretch receptors | Located in airways of lungs, prevent overexpansion of lungs. |
| Mechanoreceptors | Respond to position change and movement- increasing respiration as we move. |
| Stimulation of pain receptors & emotional response | Increase ventilation, acting through the brain's hypothalamus. |
| Hypopnea | decreased rate and depth of breathing |
| Tachypnea | Increased breathing rate |
| Apnea | temporary cessation of breathing |
| Dyspnea | subjective feeling of difficult or labored breathing |
| Orthopnea | difficulty breathing when lying down |
| Kussmaul respirations | Deep, rapid breathing; characteristic of acidosis seen in uncontrolled diabetes. |
| aerobic respiration | cellular respiration that uses oxygen, sequentially releasing energy and storing it in ATP |
| anaerobic respiration | Respiration in the absence of oxygen. This produces lactic acid. |
| CTA | clear to auscultation |
| SPO2 | saturation of peripheral oxygen |
| C & S | culture and sensitivity testing |
| hypoxia | Low oxygen saturation of the body, not enough oxygen in the blood |
| Chest physiotherapy (CPT) | therapy used to remove bronchial secretions, improve ventilation, and increase the efficiency of the respiratory muscles |
| Insentive Spirometry (IS) | patient encouraged to use this device to breathe adequately; its opens their lungs and keeps them from getting atelectasis and pneumonia |
| nebulizer mist treatment (NMT) | method of administering medication directly into the lungs using a device (nebulizer) that produces a fine spray |
| Meter dose inhaler (MDI) | A miniature spray canister used to direct medications through the mouth and into the lungs. |
| complete blood count (CBC) | comprehensive blood test that includes red blood cell count (RBC), white blood cell count (WBC), hemoglobin (Hgb), hematocrit (Hct), white blood cell differential, and platelet count |
| arterial blood gases (ABG) | measurement of O2 and CO2 levels and acid-base balance (pH balance) in arterial blood |
| Glucose | Required for cellular respiration |
| pneumothorax | air in the pleural cavity caused by a puncture of the lung or chest wall |
| pneumonia | Infection that inflames the alveoli with fluid in one or both lungs. |
| asthma | An inflammatory condition in which the bronchi and bronchioles become narrowed and produce mucus, resulting in difficulty breathing. |
| pertussis | An acute infectious, highly contagious bacterial infection characterized by a cough that has a "whoop" sound; also called whooping cough. Preventable with vaccine. |
| sleep apnea | a disorder in which the person stops breathing for brief periods while asleep |
| emphysema | Alveoli lose their elasticity, become damaged. |
| cystic fibrosis | A chronic, genetic disease that causes mucous to become abnormally thick. This causes problems with multiple body systems, including the lungs. |
| croup | Common childhood condition involving inflammation of the larynx and trachea, characterized by a barking cough. |
| bronchiolitis | A viral infection of the bronchioles that is characterized by thick secretions; occurs primarily in children less than 2. |
| bronchitis | Inflammation of the bronchi causing cough and mucus. |
| cleft lip/palate | Congenital deformity in which tissue of lips and/or bones of hard palate do not fuse properly. |
| tuberculosis | A highly contagious, bacterial disease that may affect almost all tissues of the body, especially the lungs. Patients with active disease will require a long course of treatment involving multiple antibiotics. |
| Epiglottitis | severe, life-threatening infection of the epiglottis and supraglottic structures that occurs most commonly in children between 2 and 12 years of age |
| lung cancer | pulmonary malignancy commonly attributed to cigarette smoking |
| pleural effusion | abnormal accumulation of fluid in the pleural space |
| CNS components | brain and spinal cord |
| PNS Components | cranial nerves, spinal nerves, peripheral nerves |
| Efferent neurons | Nerve cells that conduct impulses away from the central nervous system aka motor neurons |
| afferent neurons | Nerve cells that carry impulses towards the central nervous system aka sensory neurons |
| autonomic nervous system | controls self-regulated action of internal organs and glands |
| somatic nervous system | controls voluntary movements of skeletal muscles |
| sympathetic nervous system | the division of the autonomic nervous system that arouses the body, mobilizing its energy in stressful situations |
| parasympathetic nervous system | the division of the autonomic nervous system that calms the body, conserving its energy |
| neuron | a nerve cell; the basic building block of the nervous system |
| dendrites | Branchlike parts of a neuron that are specialized to receive information. |
| axon | the neuron extension that carries impulses away from the cell body |
| terminal end fibers | the branching fibers at the end of the axon that lead the nervous impulse from the axon to the synapse |
| glial cells | cells in the nervous system that support, nourish, and protect neurons |
| myelin sheath | covers the axon of some neurons and helps speed neural impulses |
| myelinated nerve fibers | white matter, have myelin sheath, faster nerve conduction |
| unmyelinated nerve fibers | gray matter, lacking myelin sheath, slower nerve conduction |
| synapse | the junction between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body of the receiving neuron |
| neurotransmitters | chemical messengers that cross the synaptic gaps between neurons |
| nerve | one or more bundles of neurons that connect the brain and the spinal cord with other parts of the body |
| nerve tract | bundle of nerve fibers in brain or spinal cord |
| ganglion | A cluster of nerve cell bodies, often of similar function, located in the PNS. |
| plexus | large, interlacing network of nerves |
| innervation | the supply of nerves to a specific body part |
| stimulus | any event or situation that causes an impulse |
| receptors | Special structures that allow living organisms to sense the conditions of their internal or external environment. |
| connecting neurons | associative neurons which link sensory and motor neurons within the CNS |
| reflexes | automatic, involuntary responses to stimuli inside or outside of the body |
| Central Nervous System (CNS) | brain and spinal cord |
| Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) | -cranial nerves and spinal nerves -communication lines between the CNS and the rest of the body |
| nerve | one or more bundles of neurons that connect the brain and the spinal cord with other parts of the body |
| neur/i, neur/o | nerve, nerve tissue |
| cerbr/o | cerebrum, brain |
| encephal/o | brain |
| mening/o | membranes, meninges |
| myel/o | spinal cord, bone marrow |
| tract | bundle of nerve fibers located within brain or spinal cord |
| ascending nerve tract | Sensory neurons- carry nerve impulses from sensory organs toward the brain and spinal cord. |
| descending nerve tract | carry nerve impulses away from the brain |
| stimulus | anything that activates a nerve and causes an impulse |
| impulse | a wave of excitation transmitted through nerve fibers and neurons |
| reflex | an automatic, involuntary response to some change, either inside or outside the body (HR, RR, BP, cough, sneeze, response to pain, DTR) |
| neuron | a nerve cell; the basic building block of the nervous system |
| Connecting neurons | associative neurons which link sensory and motor neurons |
| meninges | system of membranes that enclose the brain and spinal cord |
| dura mater | thick, outermost layer of the meninges surrounding and protecting the brain and spinal cord |
| arachnoid membrane | resembles a spider web, is the second layer of the meninges and is located between the dura mater and the pia mater |
| pia mater | the delicate innermost membrane enveloping the brain and spinal cord. |
| cerebrospinal fluid | Fluid in the space between the meninges that acts as a shock absorber that protects the central nervous system, nourishes and cools the brain and spinal cord. |
| cerebrum | The largest and uppermost part of the brain. It controls consciousness, memory, sensations, emotions, and voluntary movements. |
| thalamus | located below the cerebrum, produces sensations by relaying impulses to and from the cerebrum and the sense organs of the body |
| Hypothalamus | located below the thalamus, controls vital bodily functions |
| left cerebral hemisphere | controls the majority of functions on the right side of the body |
| right cerebral hemisphere | controls most of the functions on the left side of the body |
| frontal lobe | Cerebral lobe that controls motor functions, memory, and behavior |
| occipital lobe | Cerebral lobe that controls eyesight |
| temporal lobe | Controls senses of hearing and smell , and the ability to create, store, and access new information. |
| parietal lobe | Cerebral lobe receives and interprets nerve impulses from sensory receptors in the tongue, skin, and muscles. |
| cerebellum | A large structure of the hindbrain that controls fine motor skills and balance. |
| brainstem | Stalk-like portion of the brain that connects the cerebral hemispheres with the spinal cord. Controls reflexes and basic survival fuctions such as respiration, heart rate, BP, sneezing, coughing, and vomiting. |
| cerebral cortex | outer region of the cerebrum, containing sheets of nerve cells; gray matter of the brain |
| cervical verebrae | 7 total (C1-C7) compose the neck bones. |
| thoracic vertebrae | The second set of 12 vertebrae; form the outward curve of the spine and are known as T1 through T12 |
| lumbar vertebrae | Third set 5 vertebrae, in the lower back (L1-L5) |
| sacrum | bone formed from five vertebrae fused together near the base of the spinal column |
| coccyx | tailbone |
| Central Nervous System (CNS) | brain and spinal cord |
| Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) | -cranial nerves and spinal nerves -communication lines between the CNS and the rest of the body |
| nerve | one or more bundles of neurons that connect the brain and the spinal cord with other parts of the body |
| neur/i, neur/o | nerve, nerve tissue |
| -esthesia | sensation, feeling |
| radicul/o | root or nerve root |
| -tropic | having an affinity for |
| ascending nerve tract | Carry sensory impulses from sensory organs toward the brain and spinal cord via afferent nerves. |
| descending nerve tract | Carry motor impulses away from the brain via efferent nerves. |
| ganglion | collection of nerve cell bodies in the peripheral nervous system |
| innervation | the supply of nerves to a specific body part |
| plexus | a network of intersecting spinal nerves |
| receptors | sites in the sensory organs that receive external stimulation |
| stimulus | anything that activates a nerve and causes an impulse |
| impulse | a wave of excitation transmitted through nerve fibers and neurons |
| reflex | an automatic, involuntary response to some change, either inside or outside the body (HR, RR, BP, cough, sneeze, response to pain, DTR) |
| neuron | a nerve cell; the basic building block of the nervous system |
| Connecting neurons | associative neurons which link sensory and motor neurons |
| somatic nerve fibers | Peripheral motor nerve fibers, convey information that control the body's voluntary muscular movement. |
| cranial nerves | 12 pairs of nerves arising from the brain |
| sympathetic nervous system | Division of autonomic nervous system, prepares the body for emergencies and stress by increasing the breathing rate, heart rate, and blood flow to muscles |
| parasympathetic nervous system | the division of the autonomic nervous system that calms the body, conserving its energy |
| spinal nerves | 31 pairs of nerves arising from the spinal cord |
| autonomic nerve fibers | Peripheral nerves that carry instructions to the organs and glands |
| Sensory nerve fibers | Peripheral nerves that receive external stimuli such as touch, heat, cold |
| cranial nerves identified as | roman numerals |
| peripheral nerves | A network of 31 pairs of nerves that branch out from the spinal cord and connect to the rest of the body and transmit signals to and from the brain through the spinal cord. |
| peripheral nerves identified by | numbers C1-C8, T1-T12, L1-L5, S1-S5 |
| Peripheral nerves named by | regions they innervate |
| cranial nerves named by | area or function |
| olfactory nerve | the cranial nerve that carries smell impulses from the nose to the brain |
| optic nerve | the cranial nerve that carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain |
| trigeminal nerve | Cranial nerve responsible for chewing and face sensations |
| facial nerve | Cranial nerve responsible for facial expressions and taste on anterior 2/3 of tongue |
| Vestibulocochlear nerve | Cranial nerve responsible for hearing and balance |
| vagus nerve | the cranial nerve that innervates digestive organs, heart and other areas |
| hypoglossal nerve | Cranial nerve responsible for tongue movement |
| Bell's Palsy | paralysis of the facial nerve, causing muscular weakness in one side of the face. |
| cerebral palsy (CP) | A condition that affects body movement and coordination. It is caused by brain injury or brain malformation that occurs before, during, or immediately after birth when an infant's brain is still developing. |
| Schizophrenia | a psychological disorder characterized by delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, and/or diminished, inappropriate emotional expression |
| depression | A prolonged feeling of helplessness, hopelessness, and sadness |
| Alzheimer's disease | an irreversible, progressive brain disorder, characterized by the deterioration of memory, language, and eventually, physical functioning |
| Parkinson's disease | Dopamine deficiency occurs in basil ganglia. the dopamine releasing pathway that connects the substantia nigra to the corpus stratum. Results in tremor and shuffling gait. |
| spinal cord injury (SCI) | damage to spinal cord as result of trauma; spinal cord can be bruised or completely severed |
| concussion | violent shaking up or jarring of the brain |
| subarachnoid hemorrhage | Bleeding into the subarachnoid space, where the cerebrospinal fluid circulates. |
| migraine | specific type of headache characterized by severe head pain, sensitivity to light, dizziness, and nausea |
| Epilepsy | A disorder of the central nervous system characterized by loss of consciousness and recurrent seizure activity |
| Multiple Sclerosis (MS) | destruction of the myelin sheath on neurons in the CNS and its replacement by plaques of sclerotic (hard) tissue |
| Huntington's disease | a hereditary disease marked by degeneration of the brain cells and causing chorea and progressive dementia. |
| Meningitis | inflammation of the meninges of the brain and spinal cord- can be bacterial or viral |
| polio | A highly contagious infectious disease of the spinal cord caused by a virus. |
| Guillian-Barre Syndrome (GBS) | Ascending flaccid paralysis with hx of recent URI, diarrhea, or immunization for flu or Hep B), confirmed with nerve conduction studies. |
| Transiet Ischemic Attack (TIA) | Narrowing of artery causing temporary lack of blood flow/oxygen to brain. AKA mini stroke. |
| Cerebral Vascular Accident (CVA) | Caused by interruption in blood flow to the brain due to a blockage or bleeding in a cerebral artery |
| spina bifida | failure of one or more vertebral arches to close during fetal development |
| hydrocephalus | abnormal accumulation of fluid (CSF) in the brain |
| bipolar disorder | A mood disorder in which the person alternates between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the overexcited state of mania. |
| sciatica | pain that follows the pathway of the sciatic nerve, caused by compression or trauma of the nerve or its roots |
| carpal tunnel syndrome | compression of the median nerve as it passes between the ligament and the bones and tendons of the wrist |
| encephalitis | inflammation of the brain usually caused by a virus |
| FSH and LH acts on | Testes & Ovaries (gonads) |
| ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone) acts on | adrenal cortex |
| TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone) acts on | thyroid |
| PRL (prolactin) acts on | breasts |
| GH (growth hormone) acts on | Tissue (bones, muscles) |
| Thyroid gland produces | Thyroxine (T4) Triiodothyronine (T3) Calcitonin |
| adrenal cortex produces | glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, sex hormones |
| ovaries produce | estrogen and progesterone |
| testes produce | testosterone |
| Glucocorticoids | raises blood sugar levels |
| Mineralocorticoids | Promote reabsorption of Na+ and excretion of K+ in kidneys |
| adrenal medulla produces | catecholamines (epinephrine and norepinephrine) |
| adrenal medulla function | receives message from nervous system- acute stress |
| adrenal cortex function | receives message from anterior pituitary- chronic stress |
| acromegaly | Excessive secretion of growth hormone after puberty. |
| Gigantism | Excessive growth hormone before puberty. |
| short stature | formerly known as dwarfism, is sometimes caused by deficient secretion of growth hormone |
| pituitary adenoma | tumor on the pituitary gland |
| Galactorrhea | condition in which an excess of prolactin causes the breasts to produce milk spontaneously, not due to childbirth |
| Prolactinoma | a benign tumor of the pituitary gland that causes it to produce too much prolactin |
| hyperpituitarism | the excess secretion of growth hormone that causes acromegaly and gigantism |
| diabetes insipdus | -Caused by insufficient quantity of ADH. -Results in too much fluid excreted by kidneys. Sometimes as much as 20 quarts/day. -Can cause severe dehydration. |
| polydipsia | excessive thirst |
| polyuria | excessive urination |
| hyperglycemia | high blood sugar |
| polyphagia | excessive hunger |
| hypoglycemia | low blood sugar |
| diabetes mellitus | a group of metabolic disorders characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both |
| type 1 diabetes | an autoimmune insulin deficiency disorder caused by the destruction of pancreatic islet beta cells |
| type 2 diabetes | insulin resistance disorder |
| prediabetes | a condition in which the blood sugar level is higher than normal, but not high enough to be classified as type 2 diabetes |
| asymptomatic | without symptoms |
| oral hypoglycemics | lower blood sugar by causing the pancreas to release more insulin or increasing the body's sensitivity to insulin |
| glucophage | Metformin work within the cells to combat insulin resistance and to help insulin let blood sugar into the cells |
| Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) | A form of diabetes mellitus that occurs during some pregnancies. This condition usually disappears after delivery; however many of these women have an increased risk of type 2 diabetes in later life. |
| however many of these women have an increased risk of type 2 diabetes in later life. | |
| diabetic coma | AKA diabetic ketoacidosis. Caused by very high blood sugar (hyperglycemia). |
| Insulin shock | Is caused by very low blood sugar (hypoglycemia) |
| diabetic retinopathy | occurs when diabetes damages the tiny blood vessels in the retina, causing blood to leak into the posterior segment of the eyeball, causing blindness |
| ketosis | condition resulting from uncontrolled diabetes mellitus, in which the body has an abnormal concentration of ketone bodies resulting from excessive fat metabolism because the body is not producing enough insulin to convert glucose into energy. |
| peripheral neuropathy | damage to nerves in lower legs and hands as result of diabetes mellitus; symptoms include either extreme sensitivity or numbness and tingling |
| Addison's disease | -occurs when the adrenal glands do not produce enough of the hormones cortisol or aldosterone -life threatening -characterized by chronic fatigue, muscle weakness, loss of appetite, low BP, wt loss |
| Cushing's syndrome | -a condition caused by prolonged exposure to high levels of cortisol -rounded, red "moon" face |
| parathyroid hormone (PTH) | -increases blood calcium levels -mobilizes release of calcium from bones and teeth |
| insulin | -Secreted by beta cells in pancreas -Responds to high levels of glucose -Allows glucose to enter the cell -Stimulates liver to convert glucose into glycogen for storage |
| Calcitonin | -secreted by thyroid gland -decreases blood calcium levels -moves calcium into storage of bones & teeth |
| Thyroxine (T4) and Triiodothyronine (T3) | two primary thyroid hormones regulate the rate of metabolism and affect the growth and rate of function of many other body systems |
| Thymosin | -Secreted by thymus -Stimulates the maturation of lymphocytes into T cells of the immune system |
| Glucose | the basic form of energy used by the body |
| glucagon | -secreted by alpha islet cells of the pancreas in response to low blood sugar -increases glucose level by stimulating liver to convert glycogen into glucose |
| Mineralocorticoids | One of the major groups of steroid hormones produced by the adrenal cortex. It regulates water and electrolyte balance in extracellular fluid. |
| Glucocorticoids | Hormone of adrenal cortex. Raises blood sugar levels during times of stress. |
| epinephrine and norepinephrine | -adrenal medulla hormones -fight or flight response -increases HR and blood pressure |
| gonads | ovaries and testes |
| estrogen | A sex hormone, secreted in greater amounts by females than by males. Important for development and maintenance of female sex characteristics & regulation of menstrual cycle. |
| progesterone | Hormone released during the second half of the menstrual cycle by the corpus luteum in the ovary. Prepares uterus for possible pregnancy. |
| testosterone | stimulates the development of male secondary sex characteristics |
| leptin | Regulation of appetite |
| ghrelin | A hunger-arousing hormone secreted by an empty stomach |
| endocrinologist | physician who studies and treats diseases of the endocrine system |
| Electrolyte | -Mineral substances found in the blood. -Calcium, chloride, magnesium, phosphorus, sodium, potassium. |
| Prolactin (PRL) | secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland; promotes milk secretion |
| Melatonin | A hormone manufactured by the pineal gland that produces sleepiness. |
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