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Unit 5 Agriculture

AP Human Geography

Term	Definition
topography	the physical arrangement of the Earth's surface
climate	the average pattern of weather over a 30-year period in a specific region
tropical wet climate	a climate located along the equator that experiences rain every day of the year
monsoon	seasonal reversal of onshore winds and rain during summer and offshore winds in winter
Mediterranean climate	a climate with mild winters, abundant sunshine along the Med. Sea region and a few west coast locations
Intensive Agriculture	crop cultivation and livestock raising that use high levels of labor and capital relative to the size of land used
Extensive Agriculture	crop cultivation and livestock raising that require little hired labor or monetary investment, but large tracts of land
Subsistence farming	food production primarily consumed by the farming family and local community
Commercial farming	food production exclusively for exports to the marketplace
Market gardening	small-scale farming of fruits/vegetables for sale in local and regional markets
Truck farming	market gardening with more acreage, less diversity, for sale in distant markets requiring transportation systems
Plantation	large landholding devoted to capital intensive, specialized production of a single tropical or subtropical crop for the global marketplace
Mixed crop/livestock agriculture	a diversified system of growing cereal grains, root crops, that are used to feed the herd livestock
Root crops	crops lie cassava, potato, and yam that form below ground and must be dug up at maturity
Cash crop	a crop sold for profit, such as tea, coffee, cotton, sugar, tobacco
Feedlot	fenced enclosures used for intensive farming that limits livestock movement to encourage weight gain
dairy farming	farming that utilizes livestock to produce milk and various by-products such as yogurt, butter, and cheese
Shifting cultivation	growing crops on land until it becomes less productive (3-5 years), then moving on to new plots prepared by slash-n-burn
Intercropping	the practice of planting multiple crops together in the same area
Pastoralism	system of breeding livestock such as cattle, sheep, goats, by following the seasonal rainfalls to areas of open pastoral lands
Tundra	the vast, treeless arctic regions of Europe, Asia, and N. America where the soil is permanently frozen
Silo	a round or square like structure that stores grains and feed awaiting transportation to markets
Linear settlement patterns	pattern of buildings that follow the contours of a river or road
Metes and Bounds	system that uses natural features like trees, boulders, and streams to delineate property boundaries
Township and Range	system that divides the territory into a grid square pattern
Long-lot	system of settlement into long, rectangular patterns
Hearth	a center of innovation or development from which it spreads or diffuses elsewhere
Columbian Exchange	the transfer of plants, diseases, animals, ideas, & human populations between the Americas and the Old World of Europe and West Africa
2nd Agricultural Revolution	improved methods of cultivation, harvesting, and storage using new technologies that began in 1600s and lasted until 1945
Green Revolution	the development of high-yield seeds, herbicides, pesticides, and Genetically Modified Organisms to produce more food that is resistant to drought and disease, for use in less developed countries
herbicides	designed to kill or control the growth of weeds
pesticides	designed to kill or repel crop-destroying insects or animals
crossbreeding	the mixing of different varieties of crops or animals to produce hybrids that contain the best characteristics of each species
hybrid	the off-spring of two plants or animals that was intentionally designed for specific characteristics
multicropping	planting two or more crops per year on the same land, made possible by new hybrids that mature faster
negative consequences of the Green Revolution	expenses, loss of diversity, environmental pollution, consumption of fragile groundwater sources
impact on labor of the Green Revolution	reduction in manual labor requirements, unemployment, high debt, migration and rise of urban poor
soil salinization	the concentration of dissolved salt into the soil as a result of poor drainage, resulting in toxicity to crops
Bid-Rent Theory	the concept that the demand and price for land is higher close to the CBD and decreases with distance
capital (economic)	the land, machinery, fertilizers, and pesticides and seeds needed to start/maintain a business in agriculture
Monocropping	the cultivation of a single crop on extensive tracts of land
Agriculture Co-op	organization of farmers who pool their resources in a certain production to save costs
Commodity	a primary product that can be bought and sold such as rice, coffee , milk
Commodity Chain	series of linking industries that include production, transportation, and consumption of a product
Agribusiness	a large corporation that provides a vast array of goods and services in the agriculture industry
Von Thunen Model	model of rings that combine the Bid-Rent theory with transportation costs to explain what types of agriculture are practiced at each stage- has become less accurate with improvements in transportation over time
Global Supply Chain	agribusiness organized at the global scale that includes all aspects of agriculture: growing, harvesting, processing, transporting, marketing, and consuming food
Subsidies	government provided guarantees of prices for staple crops (main foods for consumption like grains/milk)

Created by: wm0397

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