Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.

Normal Size Small Size show me how

ANSC 1000 Exam 3

Question	Answer
what hormone stimulates milk "let down"?	oxytocin
which of the following is a consequence of "mastitis": destruction of milk producing cells, shelf life of milk reduced, or milk production decrease?	ALL OF THE ABOVE
which is of greater value on dairy farms, bull calves or heifer calves?	heifer calves
it was mentioned in class several times that alabama has some very elite dairy cows that attract buyers from around the world. What breed are they?	Jersey
As explained in class, what trait distinguishes a young lamb carcass from an older mutton carcass?	Skeleton integrity
As presented in class, what South American country ranks high in world production of Beef cattle and hides?	Brazil
As calculated in the class example, approximatley what percent of a 1000 steer is actually edible?	46%
Which of the following is the highest value wholesale cut from a Beef carcass?	Loin
A "kosher" meat might come from where?	The front half of a cow
What is an alveolus	a spherical cluster of milk producing cells
What term describes the interval between the end of one lactation and giving birth to start another lactation?	Dry-period
what term describes the act of waiting two weeks between slaughtering an animal and then processing the resulting carcass?	Aging
In addition to burying and burning, what is the third method for disposing of dead animals described in class?	Rendering
As described in class, what results from the formula "genotype + environment"?	Phenotype
Though it's unfortunate when a pregnant cow is slaughtered by mistake, it results in an additional valuable product being harvested from the process. What is the valuable "by-product"	fetal serum
How long does it take to milk an average cow?	6-10 minutes
What is "post-dip"?	a treatment barrier placed on teats after milking to prevent bacteria and infection until teat closes
What should be the body conditioning score for a cow in peak production?	2.0
what should be the body conditioning score for a dry cow?	3.5
Colostrum	source of immunity from mother to calf in first milk
Inguinal Mammary Glands	Cattle, sheep, goats, and horses have them
Pectoral Mammary Glands	Primates and Elephants have these
Thorastic/Abdominal Mammary Glands	pigs, dogs, and cats, have these
How many teats/glands does a cow have?	4 teats, 4 glands
How many teats/glands does a sheep have?	2 teats 2 glands
How many teats/glands does a mare have?	2 teats, 4 glands
How many teats/glands does a sow have?	10-14 teats and 10-14 glands
In mammary glands, what does progesterone trigger	alveoli development
In mammary glands, what does estrogen trigger?	duct and cistern development
What age are dairy calves weaned?	6-8 weeks
Terms for red meat from cows	veal or beef
veal	less than 3 months of age
Beef	at least 1 year of age
term for meat from pigs	pork
terms for meat from sheep	lamb or mutton
lamb	meat from a young sheep, determined by skeletal structure
mutton	meat from mature sheep
term for goat meat	chevon
Country that produces the most meat total	China
Country that produces the most pork	China
Country that produces the most Beef	US
Country that produces the most Mutton/Lamb	China
Country that produces the most Goat Meat	China
Country that produces the most Buffalo Meat	India
Country that produces the most Horse Meat	China
Largest meat processing company	Tyson Foods, in Springdale Arkansas
High $ Beef Cuts	loin and Rib
Lesser $ value Beef Cuts	round, chuck, brisket
Low $ Beef cuts	shank, shortplate, flank
High $ Pork Cuts	Loin, Ham
Lesser $ Pork Cuts	Side, Shoulder
Meat consumer trends	less beef, more chicken, less pork, more turkey
In grocery stores, meat is about what percentage of sales?	13% of total store sales, and 17% of all food items sold
Meat composition	lean (muscle), fate, bone, connective tissue
Muscle Anatomy	Lean --> Muscle Bundle --> Muscle Fiber --> Microfibril --> Sarcomere
Sarcomere	unit of contraction in muscle
Slaughter process	Stun, Exsanguinate, remove hooves head and hide, split in half, remove spinal chord
Edible by products of a steer	only 3%, include liver heart and tongue
Inedible by products of a steer	37% , include hide, blood, fetal serum, ponch, and endocrine glands
Hide greater than 30 lb	a skin
hide/skin with wool, hair, and fur intact	pelt
Blue Hide	a hide that has been treated to prevent dehydration
Rendered fats used for	candles and soap
Rendered Fatty acids used for	cosmetics, deodorants, lubricants, polished, paints
Rendered proteins used for	high protein feed supplements, meat and bone meal, blood meal, and pet food
The three legal ways to dispose of a dead animal	render, bury and burn
CMT	California Mastitis Test PADDLE
WMT	Wisconsin Mastitis Test TEST TUBE
What is the term for an increase in the SIZE of cells?	hypertrophy
Development of which of the following tissues in the least variable? MUSCLE, FAT, BONE	Bone
Which of the following is NOT a general function of adipose tissue? PROTECT INTERNAL ORGANS, STORE ENERGY, SECRETE HORMONE	all of the above are functions
As described in class, when does the SLOWEST rate of growth occur in an individual's life?	Birth to Puberty
In today's cattle industry, most market animals are slaughtered based on their:	Maturity type
As presenting in class, in which species does the castrated male fatten the fastest and therefore would go to slaughter before the female or intact male?	Swine
Which of the following is considered a concentrate	Corn
Using the nomenclature presented in class, "as fed" minus "moisture" = what?	Dry Matter
If chemical analysis indicated a feed additive contains 4% nitrogen, it would best be classified as a:	Protein
What makes a micro mineral "micro"	it is needed in relatively small amounts
You can tell your parents that it's important to lay out in the sun every day to help synthesize what vitamin?	Vitamin D
Which of hormone is NOT associated with milk SYNTHESIS	Oxytocin
True or False. The more times per day a dairy cow is milked, the more milk she can be expected to produce per day.	TRUE
What does CMT stand for?	California Mastitis Test
At what age are dairy calves normally weaned off milk or fluid milk products?	6 weeks of age
What is the length of an industry standard lactation curve in dairy cattle?	305 Days
Australia and New Zealand combined are major world producers of what?	lamb and mutton
Which state is not highly ranked for the number of cattle slaughtered per year?	Iowa
If you slaughtered a small, lean, 200 pound barrow, how much would you expect the resulting carcass to weight?	140 pounds
Which is the highest value in a swine carcass?	Loin
On a chemical basis, meat is composed mostly of what?	water
If you let a beef carcass hand in a cooler for more than a few days, the meat will start turning and get harder to chew. TRUE OR FALSE?	FALSE
What is heavier, a skin or a hide?	a Hide, because it still has the hair on it
Different genetic codes affecting the same trait are:	Alleles
Segments of tRNA are	anti-codons
Paired chromosomes	Homologues
Triplet nucleotide bases on DNA	genes
If you crossed a homozygous dominant animal with a homozygous reccesive animal, what ratio of genotypes would you expect among the offspring?	All heterozygous offspring
What do we call the gene interaction where the resulting offspring is better than either parent?	Over dominance
Heritability can be defined as the phenotypic differences among individuals due to the influences of their genes TRUE OR FALSE?	TRUE
As presented in class, for "quantitative traits like milk production and rate of gain, "variation" is:	A good thing
What combination should result in the most genetic improvement?	Greater selection differential (+), greater heritability (+), shorter generation interval (-)
You select over several generations for lighter birth weight in foals, and as foals get lighter at birth you notice milk production in mares decreases. This is an example of two traits that are:	No homozygous lines
What is the danger of practicing intensive inbreeding over several generation	reduced fertility, reduced growth, reduced immune system
Breeding Duroc boars to unrelated Duroc sows is an example of	Outcrossing
During each breeding cycle of a rotational breeding system, the manager attempts to:	Increase genetic contribution from the most under-represented breed in the gene pool
Which producer is usually more concerned with achieving hybrid vigor from mating decisions? a Commercial Producer or a Purebred producer?	A commercial producer
What is the genetic make -up of a Beefmaster?	1/2 Brahman x 1/4 Hereford x 1/4 Shorthorn
What happens when you mate a zebra stallion to a horse mare?	Results in a Zorse
What does EPD stand for?	Expected Progeny Difference
Start with a lipid molecule and removed the glycerol backbone componenet, and what does that leave you?	3 fatty acids
When evaluating "sex linked" traits not exhibited by one gender ( such as milk production) we often compare offspring of the individuals, what term do we call the offspring we compare?	Contemporaries
What is the proper term for milk produced by the mother right after giving birth that is full of antibodies for the baby?	colostrum
Why are essential fatty acids and essential proteins called "essential"	they are called essential because they are need in to animals diet but are not synthesized by the animal. So they have to be provided
As explained in class, what happens when you take vegetable oil and bombard it with hydrogen H+?	Vegetable oil is unsaturated, so when you bombard it with hydrogen you can make it saturated
Why is there not a different name for meat from young swine vs old swine	in swine, the bone growth is not an essential component of determining the maturity of them. They are basically the same structurally
In a natural breeding situation for horses, cattle and most sheep and goat breeds, why do good managers replace the herd or flock sires every 2 years	to reduce inbreeding
What is the special management problem encountered by dairy farmers in Hawaii	the grass has too much water that the cows cannot get the nutrients they need from the food sources.
Phenotype	physical trait, appearance and function
Genotype	: the genes the animal get from the parents
Environment	all factors that can affect gene expression
Chromosomes	composed of genes
Genes	functional units of inheritance
Swine Chromosomes	19
Cattle Chromosomes	30
Horse Chromosomes	32
Human Chromosomes	23
Loci	the location of a gene on a chromosome
Alleles	genes on homologous chromosomes that have the ability to affect the same traits
MItosis	chromosome replication by cell division
Meiosis	reduced number of chromosomes to 1 of each pair for gametes
Gametogenesis	the production of male and female gametes
Spermatogenesis	production of haploid sperm
Oogenesis	production of haploid ova (eggs), where most of the cytoplasm remains with one cell
Polar Body	cell with less cytoplasm from oogenesis
Fertilization	fusion of haploid sperm with haploid ovum. reestablished diploidy
Gene interaction within chromosomes	Linear
Gene interactions between homologues	allelic
gene interactions with non-homologues	epistatic
Heritability	phenotypic differences due to genes involved
Differential Reproduction	only those sires and dams most likely to pass on the desired trait are allowed to mate, average of the next generation is better than the average of the last generation. This is the basis for genetic improvement
Selection differential	(s) is a positive effect. How much better, stronger selectin = more
Heritability (H)	positive effect, how much are genes in control of trait
Generation Interval	(G), negative effect. How long until next generation reproduces
Predicting Genetic Change	Selecting Differential (SD) x Heredity (H) = Genetic Superiority of Selection
Expected Change Per Year	SD x H/ Generation Interval
High Level of Heritability	40% or more, Progress Assured
Medium Level of Heritability	20-29%, Progress Likely
Low Level of Heritability	Less than 20%, Progress is unlikely
Sex Limited Traits	both sexes carry the gene but only one sex can express it. For example only a female can express traits for milk production
Contemporaries	comparing offspring to other offspring
The 3 P's of selection	Pedigree, Performance, Progeny
Pedigree	the information on sire and dam individual. Often go back 5 generations or more. Suggest potential to perform if genes are inherited
Performance	expression of the genes inherited. How the idividual actually performed. You want to minimize the effect of the environment to determine this.
Progeny	measurement of genes transmitted to offspring. Takes time to get records from the next generation, and needs to be compared under similar environments.
Purebred Mating Systems	focus on maintaing genetically superior traits
Commercial Mating Systems	focus on hybrid vigor for growth and carcass traits
Inbreeding	mating animals more closely related than the average population in order to increase homozygosity of allels
Intensive Inbreeding	mating closely related animals over several generations to form homozygous lines
Linebreeding	milder form of inbreeding to specific sire lines. More common in seedstock production
Inbreeding "Depression"	silencer genes suppress the expression of "good" genes. Decreases growth, disease resistance, and causes infertility.
Outbreeding	mating unrelated animals of the same breed. Gene pairs are primarily heterozygous.
Crossbreeding	combining complementary traits, picking and choosing desirable traits from various breeds
Genetic Progress	2 major ways: selection within breed, and crossing breeding
Extreme Outbreeding	crossing different species within a genus. Allows the widest genetic diversity possible. Like crossing Bos Taurus with Bos Indicus.
Growth	increase in body weight until maturity. Increased mass of structural tissue and organs
Hyperplasia	increase in the number of cells through mitosis
Hypertrophy	increase in the overall size of cells
Development	coordinated events resulting in growth and differentiation until maturity.
Skeletal Muscle	bulk of growth is muscle. Controlled by genetic, nutrition, exercise, and the environment. It is important in structural support, posture, and voluntary movement.
Adipose Tissue (fat)	most variable component of the carcass. Functions for energy storage, thermoregulation, protection of vital organs, Endocrine.
Sub-cutaneous Fat	around the edge of a steak
Intermuscular Fat	the fat between muscle bundles
Intramuscular fat	marbling, fat within the muscle
Visceral Fat	internal padding. Includes KPH fat (kidney, pancreas, heart)
Bone Growth	bone is an active living tissue. which is formed and reformed throughout life
Osteoblasts	help produce new bone structures, serves calcium deposition and storage
Osteoclasts	tear away old bone structures, serve in calcium reabsorbtion and mobilization
Functions of bone	to maintain sound physical structure, protect internal organs, allows for mobility, storage of calcium and other minerals, bone marrow.
Fibroblasts	helps produce connective tissue
Chondroblasts	helps produce cartilage
Long Bone Growth	at maturity, long bone growth stops. By castrating a horse you can add height
Pre-Natal Growth	primarily cell division and protein synthesis. 1st and 2nd trimester --> hyperplasia and 3rd trimester --> increase in cell size
Post-Natal Growth	body weight increases but at a decreasing weight. Growth levels off after puberty.
Lean Growth	fastest growth, you want to maximize this
Fat Growth	late deposition, want to optimize, not desired in excess
Effect of Gender on Beef	heifers deposit fat at an earlier age, they are slaughtered 100 to 200 lbs lighter than steers. Bulls stay trimmer due to testosterone. Steers are intermediate.
Effect of Gender on Swine	Barrows fatten earlier than gilts or boars, and they are sent to market at an earlier age
Thin Muscling	3.1 ratio of muscle to fat
Heavy Muscling	5.1 ratio of muscle to fat
Growth Implants	commercial products that contain anabolic steroids to enhance muscling. Usually complement the animal's own hormones.
Roughage (forage)	grazing, hay, silage, low fiber. has a low digestibility only 50-65%.
Concentrates	Corn, wheat, oats, barley, soybean, cottonseed, whey. Have high energy and or protein, low in fiber. High digestibility 80-90%, but A LOT MORE EXPENSIVE
Nutrients	food components that support life
Classes of Nutrients	water, carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, minerals, vitamins

Created by: asculpepper

Popular Agriculture sets

Arkansas Agricultural Mechanics

Retail Florist license Study Guide

Horse industry handbook

questions for hb colors

Questions for HB Behavior

questions for hb breeds

somthing

Livestock Reproduction Study Guide

Year 10 AGS Term 1

Poultry Production

Beef Production Terms & Facts

Swine Production & Breeds

"Know" box contains:
Time elapsed:
Retries: