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Nightingale A&P
Physiology Practice Final
| Of the 11 major body systems, which is the least involved in maintaining homeostasis? | Reproductive |
| Which of the following may put one at risk for developing a given disease? | Environment Stress lifestyle **All of the above** |
| Which is a protein substance with no DNA or RNA and is thought to be the cause of mad cow disease? | Prion is thought to be mad cow disease |
| Of the pathogenic organisms, which of the following are the most complex? | Viruses Tapeworms Bacteria Protozoa Tapeworms |
| Homeostasis can best be described as | a state of relative constancy |
| The term literally means self-immunity is: | Autoimmunity |
| Which of the following is not one of the basic components in a feedback control loop? | Effector Mechanism Transmitter Sensor Integrating center **Transmitter** |
| If the secretion of oxytocin during childbirth operated as a negative- feedback control loop, what effect would it have on the uterine contractions? | Oxytocin would inhibit uterine contractions |
| Intrinsic control: | Is sometimes called autoregulation |
| Intracellular parasites that consist of DNA or RNA surrounded by a protein coat and sometimes by a lipoprotein envelope are called: | Viruses |
| The basic building blocks of fats are: | Fatty acids and glycerol |
| Peptide bonds join together molecule of: | Amino Acids |
| Which of the following is not true of RNA? | It contains ribose sugar It contains adenine It is composed of smaller molecules called nucleotides **All of the above** |
| Which of the following is not true of carbohydrates? | They include substances commonly called sugars They are the bodys primary source of energy They are a part of both DNA and RNA **All of the above** |
| The term glycoproteiin, a combination of two words, tells you that the compound is made of _____ with, _____ being the dominant component. | Carbohydrate and protein; protein |
| Which level of protein structures refers to the number, kind, and sequence of amino acids? | Primary |
| DNA: | Is a double- helix strand of nucleotides |
| All of the following substances are organic except: | Lipids **Electrolytes** Carbohydrates Proteins |
| Which of the following is not one of the major groups of organic substances in the human body? | Proteins **Salts** Lipids Nucleic Acids |
| Unsatuarated Fats: | Will kink or bend because of the double bonds between the carbon atoms |
| The element that is present in all proteins but not in carbohydrates is: | Nitrogen |
| The fornation of sucrose involves the removal of a molecule of water. This is called | Dehydration Synthesis |
| Which energy- releasing or energy-transferring molecule does not contain a nucleotide? | Creatine Phosphate |
| When two molecules of glucose are joined, they form which dissacharide? | Maltose |
| A____ is a functional group that is temporarily unattached and is highly reactive because of unpaired electrons. | Free Radical |
| The physical process by which water and solute move through a membrane when a hydrostatic pressure gradient exists across the membrane is the process of: | Filtration |
| An individuals entire set of DNA can be referred to as a: | Genome |
| The small water channels in the cell membrane are called: | aquaporins |
| All of the following occur as a result of meiosis except: | **Chromosomes number remains at 46** Primative sex cells become mature gametes The cells become haploid Meiosis occurs in two steps |
| The correct order of the phases of mitosis is: | Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase |
| Which is true about the sodium and potassium pump? | Three sodium ions are taken out of the cell |
| A saline solution that contains a higher concentration of salt than a red blood cell would be: | Hypertonic |
| The pairing of bases of a strand of DNA is obligatory. If a strand of DNA were composed of the bases sequence of ATCG, what would be the obligatory sequence of its opposing base pairs? | TAGC |
| A sequence of three bases forms a(n): | codon |
| Diffusion of particles through a membrane by means of a carrier molecule is called: | Facilitated diffusion |
| Which of the following is not true about diffusion? | **Uses cellular energy** Can occur in living and nonliving cells May occur both into and out of the cell |
| Diffusion requires: | A concentration gradient |
| Materials can be moved from a low concentration to a high concentration through: | Active Transport |
| All of the following are examples of passive transport except: | Filtration Osmosis **Endocytosis** Dialysis |
| Water will move through the cell membrane by: | Osmosis |
| Which type of connective tissue helps newborns maintain body temperature by producing heat? | Brown Fat |
| Which of the following is not a proteoglycan found in the matrix of connective tissue? | Glucosamine **Collagen** Hyaluronic Acid All of the above |
| Which of the following vitamins is (are) absorbed through the skin? | Vitamin A Vitamin D Vitamin K **All of the above** |
| Which if the following is not a function of the skin? | Defense against disease organisms **Synthesis of Vitamin E** Regulation of body temperature Excretion of water and salts |
| Connective tissue forms from stem cell tissue called: | Mesenchyme |
| Mucous membranes are important because they lubricate and protect passageways | True |
| Which of the following is not a function of adipose tissue? | Insulates to conserve body heat **Defends the body from microbes and injurious substances** Supports and protects the kidneys Stores excess food |
| Which is not a function of connective tissue? | Communication |
| The area referred to as a true skin is the: | Dermis |
| In bone growth, the medullary cavity is enlarged because of the activity of: | Osteoclasts |
| Which of the following is not a charecteristic of the epiphyses? | Made of spongy bone **Cyndrical in shape** Contain red bone marrow All of the above are charecteristics of the epiphyses |
| The cell organelles that synthesize organic matrix substances in bone formation are: | Mitochondria and Golgi Apparatus Ribosomes and Golgi apparatus Endoplasmic reticulum and ribosomes **Endoplasmic reticulum and Gogli Apparatus |
| Which of the following is not a characteristic of the diaphysis? | **Provides a bulbous shape for attachement of muscle** Hollow Composed of compact bone All of the above are characterisitcs of the diaphysis |
| In the epiphyseal plate, the zone of hypertrophy is in the ____ layer. | First Second **Third** Fourth |
| A condition that is caused by an abnormally increased roundness in the thoracic curvature is | Kyphosis |
| Small cells that synthesize and secrete a specialized organic matrix are | Osteoblasts |
| The primary ossification center of a long bone is located: | **In the diaphysis** In the epiphysis In the medullary cavity At the epiphyseal cartilage |
| As the activity of osteoblasts increases, the: | Amount of calcium in the bone increases and the level of calcium in the blood decreases. |
| The humerus articulates proximally with the | Scapula |
| The following are functions of the bone except for | Support Protection Mineral Storage Hematopoiesis **All of the above are functions of the bone** |
| Young childrens bones have a greater risk of fracturing because of incompletelt ossified bone | False |
| Which of the following is not one of the primary functions performed by bones? | Mineral storage Protection **Hormonal production** Hematopoiesis |
| Before childbirth, the symphysis pubis softens | True |
| The humerus articulates proximally with the clavicle | False |
| Rotator cuff surgery is performed quite commonly on professional baseball players, especially pitchers. Evidently, the throwing motion places enormous stress on the: | Shoulder |
| A contraction in which the tension within the muscle remains the same but the length changes is called a(n)____ contraction. | Isotonic |
| During which phase of the twitch contraction is there a triggering of the release of calcium ions into the sarcoplasm? | Latent Period |
| Glucose can be stored in the muscles as: | Glycogen |
| Which of the following is not a part of the neuromuscular junction? | ** T-Tubules** Motor neuron Motor end plate |
| Which type of joint the two pubic bones together? | Symphis |
| Which joint allows for a unique movement called opposition? | **Saddle** Pivot Hinge Condyloid |
| Stretching the foot down and back and pointing the toe is called: | **Plantar Flexion** Dorsiflexion Hyperextension Abduction |
| The opposite of eversion is: | Protraction Depression Retraction **None of the above** |
| Skeletal muscles are innervated by: | **Somatic motor neurons** Automatic motor neurons Internal stimulation Both somatic and Autonomic motor neurons. |
| Painful muscle contractions or involuntary twitches are called: | Cramps |
| The rotator cuff muscles and tendons form a cufflike arrangement around the ____ joint. | Shoulder |
| White fibers are also called ____fibers. | Fast |
| Thick myofilamants extend the length of the: | A-band |
| In the structure called a triad, T-Tubule is sandwiched between: | Sacs of sarcoplasmic reticulum |
| Which of the following is not used by the body as a neurotransmitter? | Nitric oxide Acetycholine Carbon Monoxide **All of the above** |
| Which is true of an action potential? | The outside of the plasma membrane is negatively charged, and the inside is positively charged. |
| Dopamine, epinephrine, and norepinephrine are classified as: | Catecholamines |
| A synapse consists of: | A synaptic knob A synaptic cleft The plasma membrane of a postsynaptic neuron **All of the above** |
| Which neuron could transmit a nerve impulse the fastest? | A large-diameter neuron with myelin |
| Excitatory neurotransmitters are most likely to: | Initiate an action potential |
| Within the nervous system, coding for the strength of a stimulus is accomplished through: | The frequency of nerve impulses |
| A synaptic knob would be located on a(n): | Axon |
| Acetylcholine is in the same class of neurotransmitters as: | Serotonin Histamine Dopamine **None of the above** |
| A slight shift away from the resting membrane potentials in a specific region of the plasma membrane is called a ____ potential | Local potential |
| Neurotransmitters are released in a synapse and bind to: | Receptors on the postsynaptic neuron |
| Compared with the outside of the neuron, the inside has a(n)_____ charge | Negative |
| Which of the following statements about amino acid neurotransmitters is incorrect? | They are all inhibitory neurotransmitters |
| During a relative refractory period: | The action potential can be initiated with a strong stimulus |
| Serotonin is an example of a(n): | amine neurotransmitter |
| Which of the following is not true of the knee jerk reflex? | **It is a flexor reflex** It is an ipsilateral reflex It is a spinal cord reflex It does not have to involve the brain |
| Nerve impulses over the ____ to produce skilled movement. | Cerebrum |
| A mixed nerve is one that: | Carries both sensory and motor fibers |
| Cerebrospinal fluid is formed by filtration of blood in the: | Choroid plexuses |
| Cerebrospinal fluid circulates through the ventricles, into the central canal and____, and is absorbed back into the blood. | Subarachnoid space |
| The pregangliionic neurons of both the sympathetic and the parasympathetic divisions are cholinergic. | True |
| Normal infants will show the Babinski reflex up to the age of ____ years. | 1.5-2 |
| If the ventral nerve root of a spinal nerve were destroyed, a person would lose____ related to that pathway. | Willed movemoent |
| Somatic motor and autonomic pathways share all of the following characteristics except: | Direction of information flow Location of peripheral fibers **Numbers of neurons between central nervous system (CNS) and effector** Acetylcholine |
| Which of the following is not an example of sympathetic stimulation? | **Constriction of the urinary sphincters** Decreased secretion of the pancreas Constriction of the urinary sphincters Dilation of skeletal muscle blood vessels |
| A child was frightened by a large dog. The pupils of the childs eyes became dilated, and the heart and respiratory rates increased. These symptoms were caused by stimulation of: | The sympathetic nervous system |
| The vomiting reflex is mediated by the: | Medulla |
| Sympathetic responses generally have widespread effects on the body because: | Preganglionic fibers synapse with seversal postsynaptic fibers |
| Most effectors of the autonomic nervous system are dually innervated by sympathetic and parasympathetic neurons | True |
| Which of the following is true about pain receptors? | Alpha fibers are associated with sharp, localized pain. |
| When a small amount of one hormone allows a second hormone to have its full effect, the phenomenon is called: | Permissiveness |
| Which of the following is not a characteristic of the endocrine system? | **Chemical messenger travels a short distance** Effector tissues include virtually all tissues Receptors are located on the plasma membrane or within the target cell |
| When you are looking at a large green field, which cones would be sending the green wavelength to the brain? | M |
| Visceroceptors are located in | The internal organs |
| Which of the following is not true of a receptor potential? | **It follows the all-or-none law. It is a graded response It occurs when an adequate stimulus acts on a receptor It can stimulate an action. potential in the axon of a sensory neuron |
| The clear and potassium-rich fluid that fills the labyrinth is | Endolymph |
| Dynamic equilibrium depends on the functioning of the | Crista ampullaris |
| Clearness or sharpness of visual perception is known as: | Visual acuity |
| The sequence of auditory ossicles in the middle ear starting at the tympanic membrane and ending at the oval window is: | Malleus, incus, and stapes |
| Which is a function of glucagon? | Tends to increase blood glucose concentrations |
| The somatic senses enable us to detect sensations, including | Pain, temperature, and touch |
| The type of cells that secrete ACTH are: | Corticotrophs |
| Which if the following statements is not true of the pineal gland? | It is located on the dorsal aspect of the diencephalon **Melatonin is stimulated by the presence of sunlight** It produces melatonin |
| All of the following are true statements except: | There are at least 16 different prostaglandins The first prostaglandin was identified in semen **Aspirin produces some of its effects by increasing PGE synthesis** PGFs have been used to induce labor and accelerate the delivery of a baby |
| Starling's law of the heart states that, within limits, the longer, or more stretched, the heart fibers are at the beginning of the contraction, the | Stronger the contraction |
| Which of the following is not true of ventricles? | They are the pumping chambers of the heart The myocardium of the ventricles is thicker than that of the atria The myocardium of the left ventricle is thicker than that of the right ventricle **ALL of the above are true of the ventricles** |
| Which are involved in determining a persons total blood volume? | Age, body type, sex |
| The heart begins beating in the fetus at about what stage of development? | After about 4 weeks |
| The localized pressure gradient needed to maintain blood flow in a tissue is called | Perfusion pressure |
| Which are critical components to coagulation? | Prothrombin, thrombin, fibrinogen, fibrin |
| Erythrocytes begin their maturation sequence in red bone marrow from nucleated cells known as: | Hematopoietic stem cells |
| Which are the two baroreceptors that are located near the heart? | Aortic baroreceptors and corotid baroreceptors |
| The vagus is said to act as a "brake" on the heart. This situation is called | Vagal inhibition |
| Cardiac output is determined by | Stroke volume and heart rate |
| Recognition of antigens by antibodies occurs when an | Antigens epitopes fit into and bind to an antigen molecules antigen binding site |
| The movement of phagocytes from blood vessels to an inflammation site is called | Diapedesis |
| Pyrogen molecules triggr the fever response by promoting the production of | Prostaglandins |
| The functions of the lymph nodes are | Defense and hematopoiesis |
| Which of the following is a powerful poison that acts directly on any cell and quickly kills it? | Lymphotoxin |
| What is the function of the spleen? | Tissue repair, hematopoiesis, red blood cell and platelet destruction, blood resevoir |
| The bodys defense mechanisms can be organized into one of two major categories of immune mechanisms; these are | Innate and Adaptive immunity |
| Which antibody is synthesized by immature B cells and then inserted into their plasma membranes? | Immunoglobulin M |
| The presentation of an antigen by an antigen-presenting cell activates the T cell. The cell then divides repeatedly to form a clone of identical sensitized T cells that form | Effector T cells and memory cells |
| Which protein interferes with the ability of viruses to cause disease? | Interferon |
| Chemotaxis is the process by which a cell navigates toward the source of the chemotactic factor by way of | Detecting and then moving toward higher concentrations of the factor |
| Masses of lymphoid tissue located in a protective ring under the mucous membranes in the mouth and the back of the throat are called | Tonsils |
| The primary organ of the lymphatic system is the | Thymus |
| Which of these substances operate(s) immune mechanisms? | Sebum, mucus, enzymes, hydrochloric acid in gastric mucosa |
| Molecules formed by the reactions of the complement cascade assembe themselves on the enemys cells surface, which results in | Cytolysis |
| One hundred milliliters of arterial blood contains approximately what volume percent of oxygen ? | 20% |
| Which of the following is not a regulated process associated with the functioning of the respiratory system? | Control of cell metabolism rate |
| The major form by which carbon dioxide is transported in the circulatory system is: | As bicarbinate ions |
| During inspiration, the expasion of the lungs causes: | a decrease in alveolar pressure |
| If the tidal volume of a given individual is 500 ml, then the anatomical dead space is approximately ______ ml. | 150 |
| Normal, quiet breathing is known as: | Eupnea |
| The PCO2 in alveolar air is ____blood. | Less than in the systemic venous and equal to the systemic arterial |
| Carbon dioxide is carried in three forms in the blood. Ranking them from greatest to leat amount carried, the sequence would be: | Bicarobonate ion, carbaminohemoglobin, and dissolved in plasma |
| Standard atmospheric pressure is____mm Hg | 760 |
| When the pressure in the lung is greater than atmospheric pressure: | Expiration occurs |
| Which of the following is not true of enzymes? | They accelerate chemical reactions **They change chemically and are in the end products of the reaction** They are vital to chemical reactions Many contain vitamins in their structure |
| Glucose moves from the GI tract into the circulatory system by the process of: | Cotransport |
| Which step of deglutition is under voluntary control? | Oral Stage |
| The major site for the absorption of the end products of digestion is the: | Small intestine |
| An end product of fat digestion is: | Glycerol |
| The hormone thought to be a messenger causing release of digestive enzymes from the intestinal mucosa is: | Vasoactive intestinal peptide |
| The process of fat emulsification consists of: | Breaking fats into small droplets |
| Which phase(s) of gastric secretion is(are) stimulated by the sight, taste, and smell of food? | Cephalic phase |
| The substances absorbed into the lymph capillaries are: | Glycerol and fatty acids |
| The sodium cotransport or coupled transport acts to transort sodium ions and glucose molecules_____ the GI lumenl. | Passively out of |
| Which of the following is not one of the openings that must be blocked when food moves from the pharynx into the esophagus? | **Oropharynx** Nasopharynx Larynx Mouth |
| Which is not mechanical digestion? | Moistening the food |
| The process of swallowing is known as: | Deglutition |
| Cellulose is a residue of digestion that comes from: | Carbohydrates |
| The purpose of peristalsis is to: | Propel food forward along the GI tract |
| Which body location is not one that is usuallt impacted by edema? | Kidneys |
| The thirst center, which contains specialized cells called osmoreceptors is located in the: | Hypothalamus |
| Which of the following ratios of base bicarbonate to carbonic acid will maintain a normal pH? | 20:1 |
| A decrease in blood pH below normal tends to: | Stimulate increased respirations |
| When comparing the volumr of the various body fluids, the correct order going from highest to lowest in total volume would be: | Intracellular fluid, interstitial fluid, plasma |
| Cerebrospinal fluid is part of the _____fluid. | Extracellular |
| When the kidney secretes hydrogen ions, it primarily reabsorbs____ions. | Sodium |
| Which of the following body fluid compartments has the same volume (percentage of body weight) in the infant, the adult male, and the adult female? | Plasma |
| Which of the following pairs are almost identical when compared chemically? | Plasma to interstitial fluid and intracellular fluid |
| When the adrenal cortex is stimulated to increase its secretion of aldosterone, the first thing that happens is a(n): | Increase in the kidney tubule reabsorption of sodium |
| Which is true about the metabolism of glucose? | Anaerobic metabolism produces lactic acid |
| Ketone bodies are associated with cellular metabolism of: | Fats |
| What is the most abundat cation in intracellular fluid? | Porassium |
| If the pH of the blood were 7.23, it would be | Slightly more acidic than normal |
| Which of the following is not one of the seven basic solutions used for parenteral therapy? | Liquid protein |
| Which statement is the best explanation of "immune infertility"? | Antigen-antibidy reaction in males causes destruction of sperm, resulting in infertility |
| The main advantage of sexual reproduction over asexual reproduction is: | There is greater diversity in the offspring |
| The main factor determining male fertility is the: | Number of sperm ejaculated |
| Which of the following is not true of FSH? | It is produced in the anterior pituitary gland It inreases the production of sperm **It stimulates the secretion of testosterone** Its secretion is inhibited by high testosterone levels |
| The follicular phase of the menstrual cycle is the same as the: | Postmentrual phase |
| Which of the following is true of the essential organ in the reproductive system? | It produces gametes It is called the testis in the male It is called the gonad in both sexes **All of the above are true** |
| The hormone that causes the alveoli of the mammary glands to secrete milk is: | Prolactin |
| The female reproductive system differs from the male reproductive system in that it: | Provides protection for the developing offspring and Provides nutrition to the develoing offspring |
| The gland that secretes an alakaline substance that constitutes about 30% of the seminal fluid is the: | Prostate gland |
| The opening of the urethra at the tip of the glans is called the: | External urinary meatus |
| The bodys thermostat is located in the: | Hypothalamus |
| Pathogenesis can be defined as | The course of disease development |
| The normal reading or range of normal is called the: | Set pont |
| Humans can synthesize 13 of 21 basic amino acids; the remaining 8, which must be included in the diet are called: | Essential amino acids |
| A structural lipid found in the cell membane is a: | Phospholipid and steroid |
| Which lipid acts as a "tissue hormone"? | Prostaglandin |
| The alpha helix is an example of which level of protein structure? | Secondary |
| Sometimes reffered to as animal starch,___ is the main polysaccharide in the body | Glycogen |
| Prostaglandins and steroids share which of the following characteristics? | Both are found in the cell membrane **Both have a ring structure** Both have a saturated fat in their structure |
| The types of lipids found that form hormones, such as cortisone, estrogen, and testosterone are: | Steroids |
| During which stage of mitosis do the centrioles move to the opposite poles of the cell? | Prophase |
| If a sequence of nitrogen bases in nuclei acid were A-U-C-G-A, which of the following would be true about the nucleic acid? | It contains deoxyribose sugar It could be found only in the nucleus **It contains ribose sugar** |
| 23 chromosomes per cell in humans is reffered to as: | Haploid |
| Which is not true about the sodium and potassium pump? | It uses cellular energy **Sodium moves into the cell and potassium moves out of the cell** A carrier system is used It can move substances agains their concentration gradient |
| Which of the following statements is true? | Amino acid chains form DNA **The site of transcription is within the nucleus, whereas the site of translation is in the cytoplasm** Uracil is present in DNA in place of thymine None of the above is true |
| What is not true of RNA | It contains deoxyribose sugar |
| Extensive weight training causes the muscle cells to: | Hypertrophy |
| Which is not a characteristic of connective tissue? | Typically holds its cells together tightly by means of desmesomes |
| What structure is formed by the union of the basal and reticular lamina? | Basement membrane |
| Connective tissue forms from stem cell tissue called: | Mesenchyme |
| Hematopoietic tissues can be found in the: | Bones |
| In intramembranous ossification, the process of appositional growth refers to the: | Addition of an outside layer of osseous tissue on flat bones |
| An open frature is also known as a compound fracture | True |
| When the knee is flexed, the patella can be easily distinguished | False |
| The ulna articulates proximally with the | Humerus |
| Until bone growth in length is complete; a layer of the cartilage, known as the____, remains between the epiphysis and diaphysis. | Epiphyeal plate |
| Bones act as a resevoir for which minerals? | Calcium and phosphorus |
| The cells responsible for active erosion of bone minerals are called: | Osteoclasts |
| Appositional growth of cartilage occurs when chondrocytes begin to divide and secrete | Additional matrix |
| Which type of muscle is responsible for peristalsis? | Single-unit smooth |
| Endurance training is also known as | Aerobic training |
| Most body movements are___contractions | Isotonic |
| The strength of a muscle contraction is influenced by the: | Amount of load Initial length of muscle fibers Recruitment of motor units **All of the above are correct** |
| The chief function of the t-tubules is to: | Allow for electrical signals to mvoe deeper into the cell |
| Which is considered an immovable joint? | Synarthrosis |
| Skeletal muscles are innervated by: | Somatic motor neurons |
| All of the follwoing are characteristics of smooth muscle except: | There are no striations There are no T-Tubules **Thin and thick filaments are aligned in sarcomeres like skeletal muscles** The sarcoplasmic reticula are loosely organized |
| Muscle contractions will continue as long as: | The calcium ions are attached to the troponin |
| Which joint allows for the most movement? | Ball and socket |
| Which of the following atidepressants acts by blocking the action of monoamine oxidase (MAO)? | Phenelzine |
| No impulse can be sent through a neuron: | During the absolute refractory period |
| Stimulus-gated channels open in response to: | Sensory Stimuli |
| The only ion(s) that can diffuse across a neurons membrane when the neuron is at rest is (are): | Potassium |
| Which is true of an action potential? | The outside of the plasma membrane is negatively charged, and the inside is positively charged. |
| Seratonin is an example of an | Amine neurotransmitter |
| For a neurotransmitter to produce an inhibitory postsynaptic potential, which of the following channels must open? | Potassium and or chloride channels |
| The fastest nerve fibers in the body can conduct impulses up to approximately _____ meters per second. | 130 |
| When an impulse reaches a synapse: | Chemical transmitters are released. |
| When current leaps across an insulating myelin sheath from node to node, type of impulse conduction is called: | Saltatory conduction |
| Which of the following is a description of the "principle of autonomic antagonism" as it relates to the autonomic nervous system:? | If sympathetic impulses tend to stimulate an effector, parasympathetic impulses tend to inhibit it. |
| All of the following cranial nerves are involved in proprioception except the: | **Vagus** Hypoglossal Accesory Abducens |
| Propranolol is an example of a: | Beta blocker; drug used to treat irregular heartbeats; drug used to treat hypertension |
| Which is not a function of the hypothalamus? | Regulation of motor activity |
| Somatic motor and autonomoic pathways share all of the following characteristics except: | Direction of information flow Location of peripheral fibers **Number of neurons between central nervous system (CNS) and effector Acetycholine |
| All of the following are examples of parasympathetic stimulation except | Contraction of the urinary bladder Relaxation of the sphincters of the digestive tract **Increased heart rate** |
| How does a dually innervated autonomic effector differ from a singly innervated autonomic effector? | A dually innervated effector receives inout from both sympathetic and parasympathetic pathways. A dingy innervated autonomic effector receives inout from only the sympathetic division. |
| The knee jerk can be classified as a segmental reflex because: | Impulses that mediate it enter amd leave the same segment of the cord |
| If the dorsal root ganglia of the spinal nerve were destroyed , a person would lose____ related to the pathway | Sessory perception |
| The cerebellum performs all of the following functions except: | Coordinates control of muscle action Helps control posture **Controls cardiac function** Controls skeletal muscles to maintain balance |
| Which is not a characteristic of the endocrine system? | Chemical messenger travels at a short disance q |
| Sensory impulses ending in what part of the CNS trigger imprecise or "crude" sensation awareness? | Thalamus |
| The last step in the nonsteroid hormone mechanism of action is: | Protein kinases activate other enzymes |
| The two-point discrimination test can be used to measure: | The sensitivity of the skin in various parts of the body |
| If you slammed your finger in a car door, it would stimulate___pain fibers | Acute |
| Which is a function of glucagon ? | Tends to increase blood glucose concentrations |
| The major hormone produced by the corpus luteum is: | Progesterone |
| A decrease in the amount of white blood cells is called: | Leukopenia |
| The difference between systolic pressure and diastoloc pressure is called: | Pulse pressure |
| Which two factors promote the return of venous blood to the heart? | Blood-pumping action of respirations and skeletal muscle contractions |
| All of the following are true statements except: | The riight coronart artery is dominant in about 50% of all hearts **Both atria receive their blood supply from brances of the right and left coronary arteries |
| All of the following are components critical to coagulation | Prothrombin, thrombin, fibrinogen, fibrin |
| In the extrinsic pathwat of stage 1 of the clotting mechanism, chemicals released from damaged tissues trigger the cascade of events that ultimately result in the formation of: | Prothrombin activator |
| Lymphatocs in the villi of the small intestines are called | Lacteals |
| The internal environment of the human body is protected by the ____, which is referred to as the first line of defense. | Skin |
| The movement of phagocytes from blood vessels to an inflammation site is called: | Diapedesis |
| The lymphatic system serves various functions in the body. The two most important functions of this system are | Fluid balance and immunity |
| ______ refers to an phenomenon in which the genetic characterisitcs common to a particular kind of organism provide defense agains certain pathogens. | Species resistance |
| Which substacnes opeerate(s) immune mechanism? | Sebum, mucus, enzymes, hydrochloric acid in gastric mucosa |
| The _______ Postulates that when an antigen enters the body, it selects the clone whose cells are committed to synthesize its specific antibody and stimulates these cells to proliferate and to thereby produce more antibodies. | Clonal selection theory |
| The primary organ of the lymphatic system is the | Thymus |
| Which of the following is a powerful poison that acts directly on any cell and quicly kills it? | Cytotoxin Phagotoxin **Lymphotoxin** Granulotoxin |
| Adaptive immunity, part of the bodys third line of defense, is orchestarted by two different classes of a type of white blood cell called the | Lymphocyte |
| The symbol HbNCOOH- is used for: | Carbaminohemoglobin |
| Which muscles are used for forced expiration? | Abdominal muscles and internal intercostals |
| Excessive fluid in the pleural cavity would be most likely to cause: | Decreased vital capacity |
| Which is not a regulated process associated with the functioning of the respiratory system? | Control of cell metabolism rate |
| Daltons law states that partial pressure of a gas in a mixture of gases is______ to the total poressure of the mixture | Directly related to the concentration of that gas in the mixture and |
| The approximate partial pressure of oxygen at the standard atmospheric pressure is about ____mm Hg | 160 |
| A type of breathing characterized by gradually increasing tidal volume for several breaths followed by several breaths with gradually decreasing tidal volume is: | Cheyenne-Stokes respirations |
| Polysaccharides are hydrolyzed into disaccharides by enzymes known as: | Amylase |
| Rotavirus can cause what life-threatening condition in infants? | Diarrhea |
| The enzyme Pepsin begins the digestion of: | Protein |
| An end product of fat digestion is: | Glycerol |
| The intestinal hormone Cholecystokinin | Causes the pancreas to increase exocrine secretions high in enzyme content; opposes the influence of gastrin on gastric parietal cells; stimultes the contraction of the gallbladder. |
| The enterogastric reflex causes: | Inhibition of gastric peristalsis |
| Glucose moves from the GI tract into the circulatory system by the process of: | Cotransport |
| The final product of carbohydrate digestion is a: | Monosaccharide |
| The substance absorbed into the lymph capillaries are: | Glycerol and fatty acids |
| Eddema may occur when: | Sodium is retained in the extracellular fluid as a result of increased aldosterone secrion or after serious renal disease such as acute glomerulonephritis; an increase in capillary blood pressure occurs; a decrease in the concentration of plasma proteins |
| When the effective filtaraion pressure equals zero: | No net transfer of water occurs between blood and interstitial fluid |
| The pH of blood is mainitained at approximately : | 7.4 |
| W is true of metabolism of glucose? | Anaerobic metabolism produces lactic acid |
| Which is true of total body water? | OVerweight people have lower water content per kilogram of body weight thatn slender people. |
| For the body to maintain an Acid-base balance, which is necessary? | Buffering; respirations; urine secretion |
| Cerebrospinal fluid is part of the ___ fluid | Extracellular |
| What is the most abundant cation in extracellular fluid? | Sodium |
| In YA, the percentage of body weight composed of water will average about ____ for males and ____ for females. | 60%;50% |
| Which is not considered a trans cellular fluid? | Lymph |
| What is the ovulating hormone? | Luteinizing hormone |
| Which is the supporting structure of the male reproductive system? | Scrotum |
| The gland that secretes an alakaline substance that constitutes about 30% of seminal fluid is the: | Prostate gland |
| The increase in blood estrogens during the postmenstrual phase of the menstrual cycle produces all of the following changes in the uterus except: | Growth of both the endometrial glands and the spiral arteries of the endometrium **Decreased myometrial contractions** Proliferation of endometrial cells producing a thickening of the endometrium |
| A high blood concentration of estrogens: | Stimulates epithelial cells of the ednometrium to proliferate |
| Which is not a function of the ovary? | It produces follicle-stimualting hormone (FSH) |
| Which of the following contain 46 chromosomes? | Primary spermatocytes |
| The foreskin in the male is also known as the | Prepuce |
| The phase of the menstrual cycle that occurs between the expulsions of the ovum from the ovary and the onset of menses is the ____ phase | luteal |
| Which hormone causes ejection of milk into the mammry ducts, making it accessible for the infant? | Oxytocin |
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