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AP Hu Geo U4 P.1 A2
Attempt 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is a country? | Any political entity that is independent from the control of any other entity - informal; rarely used in academics |
| What is a state? | The largest political unit in international relations, the formal term for country |
| What are the 4 requirements for a state? | 1. It has defined boundaries 2. It contains a permanent population 3. It maintains sovereignty over its domestic and international affairs 4. It is recognized by other states |
| What is a nation? | A group of people who have certain traits in common |
| What are 4 potential unifying characteristics of a nation? | 1. Share a common cultural heritage 2. Have beliefs and values that help unify them 3. Claim a particular space based on tradition as their homeland 4. Desire to establish their own state or express self-determination in another way |
| What is nationalism? | A nation’s desire to create and maintain a state of its own |
| What is sovereignty? | The power of a political unit to rule over its own affairs |
| What is self-determination? | The concept that nations have the right to govern themselves |
| What is a nation-state? | A singular nation that fulfills the requirements of a state Ex. Japan – 98.5% Japanese Ex. Iceland – 94% Icelandic |
| What is a multinational-state? | A country that contains more than one nation. - Usually one nation controls most of the political power |
| What is an autonomous region? | Am area within a state that has a high degree of self-government and freedom from its parent state. They have their own local and legislative governments control a region with an ethnic minority. They handle their own day to day governance. |
| What is a semi-autonomous region? | They have a smaller degree of self-government than a typical autonomous region |
| What is a multistate nation? | When a nation has a state but stretches across borders of other states. Ex. South Korea and North Korea Ex. Hungarians – Hungary and Romania |
| What are stateless nations? | Cultural groups with no political entity |
| What is the largest stateless nation? | The Kurds |
| What are three examples of stateless nations? | The Kurds, Basques, Palestinians |
| Who are the Kurds? | Sunni Muslims, with Alevi Shi'a Muslim, Christian, Jewish, and Yezidi communities. An Iranian people, and the first known Indo-Iranians in the region were the Mitanni, who established a kingdom in northern Syria five centuries after the fall of Gutium. |
| Who are the Basques? | A people who live in both Spain and France in areas bordering the Bay of Biscay and encompassing the western foothills of the Pyrenees Mountains. They have a mysterious history. They come from central Spain and France |
| Who are the Palestinians? | Arab peoples that now encompass the West Bank and the Gaza Strip. A people who've lived in the region of Palestine for over a millenia. The term for these peoples evolved into a sense of a shared future in the form of aspirations for a Palestinian state. |
| What do the Kurds want? | They consider the Kurdish-majority regions of northern and northeastern Syria to be Western Kurdistan (Kurdish: Rojavaye Kurdistane) and seek political autonomy within Syria or outright independence as part of an independent Kurdistan. |
| How did the Kurds become stateless? | The Sykes-Picot agreement dissolved the Ottoman Empire and creates an autonomous Kurdish state. Mustafa Kemal Ataturk, Turkey’s new leader, rejects Sevres and replaced it in 1923 with the Treaty of Lausanne which erases the Kurdish homeland. |
| What was the Sykes-Picot agreement? | The 1916 Sykes-Picot agreement divided the Middle East into British and French zones of influence and was signed in 1920. |
| What are microstates? | States with a very small land area |
| What are some examples of the roughly 24 microstates? | Andorra, Monaco, Barbados, Micronesia, Singapore, and Tonga |
| What is imperialism? | Controlling another country or group of people; by direct conquest, economic control, or cultural dominance |
| What is colonialism? | A type of imperialism in which people move into and settle on the land of another country Early Colonialism – 1492 to the early 1800s Led by Portugal, Spain, England, and France |
| What are the three G's? | God, Gold, Glory |
| How did Europe justify their conquest in the period between 1492 and the early 1800s? | Through the legal concept of Terra Nullius – “empty land” |
| What allowed Europe to exert their influence across the world? | Industrialization |
| What happened at the Berlin Conference in 1884-1885? | Fourteen nations, in particular France, Germany, Great Britain, and Portugal discussed the partitioning of Africa, establishing rules to amicably divide resources among the Western countries at the expense of the African people. |
| What was the Sykes-Picot Agreement? | Also called the Asia Minor Agreement, (May 1916), was a secret convention made during WW1 between Great Britain and France, approved by imperial Russia. They divided Turkish-held Syria, Iraq, Lebanon, and Palestine into French- and British-owned areas. |
| What did the Sykes-Picot Agreement end up doing to the Kurds? | It made them a stateless nation |
| What is decolonization? | The end of colonialism and imperialism - Picks up speed after World War II |
| What is neocolonialism? | Control over developing countries exerted through indirect means, whether economic, political, or cultural power |
| What is a prime example of neocolonialism? | Banana republics |
| What are banana republics? | Small nations, especially in Central America, dependent on one crop or the influx of foreign capital. As a result, such countries are typically controlled by foreign-owned companies or industries. |
| What is territoriality? | A willingness by one person or a group of people to defend space they claim. Maps make borders look well-defined. In reality, many boundaries are hotly contested. |
| What is an example of a formal boundary? | US/Canada border |
| What is an example of an informal boundary? | Rival gang terfs |
| What are the four steps of boundary creation? | 1. Define – legal documents established to define points of the boundary 2. Delimit – drawing the boundary on a map 3. Demarcate – facts on the ground; signs, fences 4. Administer |
| What are the three types of borders? | 1. Militarized 2. Administered 3. Open |
| What is land reclamation? | The process of creating new land from oceans, seas, riverbeds or lake beds |
| What is dredging? | The removal of sediments and debris from the bottom of lakes, rivers, harbors, and other water bodies |
| What is a natural boundary? | Boundary set by physical features Ex. The border between Missouri and Illinois; the border between China and India |
| What is a geometric boundary? | A straight line drawn by people that does not follow a physical feature Ex. The boundary between Raymore and Belton; much of the US/Canada border |
| What is an antecedent boundary? | A boundary set before a large population was present, often set on a natural boundary Ex. The US/Canadian border |
| What is a subsequent boundary? | A boundary drawn in an area after the population is present Ex. The China/Vietnam Border |
| What is a superimposed boundary? | A boundary drawn by outside powers |
| What is a relic boundary? | A boundary that no longer exists, but evidence of it still exists on the landscape Ex. West Germany vs. East Germany |
| What are two prime examples of a superimposed boundary? | |
| What is a consequent boundary? | A type of subsequent boundary that takes into account the differences that exist within a cultural landscape, separating groups that have distinct languages, religions, ethnicities, or other traits |
| Why might a consequent boundary be formed? | To reduce a conflict |
| What is an example of a consequent boundary? | The states carved out of the former Yugoslavia |
| What is a definitional boundary pursuit? | When two or more parties disagree over how to interpret the legal documents or maps that identify a boundary Ex. Chile and Argentina dispute their borders in the Andes |
| What is a locational boundary dispute? | Disputes that center on where the boundary should be Ex. Germany and Poland after World War I. The new maps upset many nationalists because it placed ethnic Germans outside of German borders. |
| What is irredentism? | When one country seeks to annex territory in another because it has ties to part of the population living there Ex. Germany in World War II |
| What is an operational boundary dispute? | A dispute that centers on different opinions of how the boundary functions Ex. When the Syrian conflict created a massive flow of refugees into Europe some Europeans viewed the borders of demarcation of who has the responsibility to care for the refugees |
| What is an allocational boundary dispute? | Happens when a boundary separates natural resources that may be used by both countries. These boundaries can extend into the sky and ground Ex. Egypt vs. Ethiopia regarding the dams on the Nile Ex. American overuse of the Colorado River |
| What is an example of an allocational dispute in Iraq? | Iraqi and Kuwaiti oil fields – Iraq has repeatedly accused Kuwait of Slant Drilling – this was one of Iraq’s justification for their 1991 invasion of the small nation |
| What is one thing that will be a major factor in future geopolitics? | Water rights |
| Why are borders in large bodies of water (oceans) important? | Resources, shipping lanes, fishing rights |
| When was the UN Convention of the Law of the Sea established and how many countries signed? | Established in the 1970s and has been signed by 157 countries |
| What are the four zones of naval boundaries established by the UNCLS? | 1. Territorial Sea 2. Contiguous Zone 3. Exclusive Economic Zone 4. High seas |
| In the UNCLS what defines a territorial sea? | 12 nautical miles of sovereignty; commercial vessels may pass, but non-commercial vessels may be challenged |
| In the UNCLS what defines a contiguous zone? | Coastal states have limited sovereignty for up to 24 nautical miles, where they can enforce laws on customs, immigration, and sanitation |
| In the UNCLS what defines an exclusive economic zone? | Coastal states can explore, extract minerals, and manage up to 200 nautical miles |
| In the UNCLS what defines the high seas? | Water beyond 200 nautical miles is open to all states |
| What happens when two countries share a waterway that is 24 nautical miles apart? | Then the distance between coasts is cut in half |
| What is one reason the Spratly Islands are important? | If a country has many islands their EEZ can be huge |
| What is morphology? | The study of structure or form |
| What is one reason the shape of the state matters? | It can influence how people interact |
| What may happen that can lead to conflict in a highly populated central region? | Difficulty receiving goods and services Feel underrepresented or more closely tied to a neighboring country Feel isolated form the rest of the state Demand strong local control over natural resources |
| What is a compact state? | A state whose distance from the center does not significantly vary; Ex. Poland, Zimbabwe |
| What is an elongated state? | A long state; Ex. Chile, Norway, Gambia |
| What is a prorupted state? | A state with a compact area with an extension; Ex. India, DR Congo |
| What is a perforated state? | A state that completely surrounds another; Ex. Italy, South Africa |
| What is a fragmented state? | A state that is scattered (often islands) from the core; Ex. Philippines, Indonesia, USA |
| What is a choke point? | A strategic narrow route providing passage through or to another region |
| What would make a good choke point? | A valley, defile, bridge, or point at sea that can be controlled and disrupt the movement of others |
| What are some examples of a choke point? | The Panama Canal, the Spratly Islands, the Strait of Gibraltar, the Khyber Pass |
| What is the Khyber Pass? | The mountain pass that divides Afghanistan and Pakistan. Relevant at many points in history including the conquests of Alexander the Great all the way to the US occupation of Afghanistan. 80% of US & NATO supplies delivered via land went through it |
| What is Gibraltar? | Today it is the tiny strip of land at the southern tip of Spain is a British Overseas Territory |
| What is a shatterbelt? | A region that is deeply divided along cultural, ethnic, or religious lines and larger powers compete for influence in the area leading to further destabilization |
| What is a common occurrence in shatterbelts? | Fragmentation |
| What is fragmentation? | When parts of a habitat are destroyed, leaving behind smaller unconnected areas. |
| In terms of governmental structure what are most people under? | Overlapping levels of government |
| What is a federal government? | A government in which political authority is divided between two autonomous sets of governments, one national and the other subnational, both of which operate directly upon the people |
| What is a unitary government? | A government which is often described as a centralized government, and has all powers held by the government belong to a single, central agency. The central (national) government creates local units of government for its convenience |
| How is the authority of government distributed in a federal government? | Shared between the central and local governments |
| How is the authority of government distributed in a unitary government? | Held primarily by the central government with very little power given to local governments |
| What does the hierarchy of power look like in a federal government? | Multiple levels of power; power diffused throughout the hierarchy |
| What does the hierarchy of power look like in a unitary government? | No hierarchy of sovereign powers |
| In what types of states are federal governments typically used? | Multiple ethnic groups with significant minorities; large landmasses Ex: USA, Russia, Canada, Belgium |
| In what types of states are unitary governments typically used? | Few cultural differences and small minorities; smaller states Ex: Japan, Egypt, Spain, China |
| Many federal states use federal systems to placate various cultural differences, what is a good example of this? | In Nigeria, many northern provinces have enacted Sharia |
| What are two examples of federal nations and do they use democracy? | US – democratic Russia – undemocratic |
| What are two examples of unitary nations and do they use democracy? | France – democratic Saudi Arabia – undemocratic |
| What is reapportionment? | Changing the number of representatives granted each state in the House of Representatives so it reflects the state’s population |
| What is redistricting? | State legislatures redraw the boundaries to reflect reapportionment. Each district should have roughly the same number of people |
| What is gerrymandering | Drawing boundaries for political districts by the party or group in power to extend or cement their advantage |
| What is cracking? | dispersing a group into several districts to prevent a majority |
| What is packing? | Combining like-minded voters into one district to prevent them from affecting elections in other districts |
| What is supranationalism? | When 3 or more countries form an organization to collectively achieve greater benefits for all members. Formed to create military alliances, promote trade, or combat environmental problems. This often involves sacrificing some degree of sovereignty. |
| What are some examples of supranationalism? | UN, NATO, EU, ASEAN, Arctic Council, African Union, OPEC, UNESCO, Kyoto Protocol, Antarctic Treaty |
| What are transnational corporations? | Companies that conduct business on a global scale. The influence of states has been weakened because these companies can easily transfer operations. These companies seek to operate at larger economies of scale to cut costs and increase profits. |
| Why might a company want to move operations to a different country? | Lower wages, lower taxes, weaker worker protections, weaker environmental laws |
| What are the pros and cons of transnational corporations? | Pros: Create jobs, improve skills of locals, investment in infrastructure, brings money into a country Cons: Profits go overseas, environmental damage, human and resource exploitation, job insecurity – what keeps the company from relocating? |
| What is horizontal integration? | Purchasing competing companies in the same industry Ex: a US oil company purchasing other oil refineries |
| What is vertical integration? | Purchasing companies at all levels of production Ex: Purchasing cattle, slaughter house, refrigerated railroad cars, cooked warehouses, meat packing plants, and delivery wagons to support your industrial meat corporation |
| What do horizon and vertical integration do? | Increase the economy of scale of corporations |
| What is devolution? | The transfer of political power from the central government to subnational levels of government, mostly on regional lines Usually a response to ethnocultural, economic, or territorial conflict. |
| How does physical geography cause devolution? | Can often cause isolation and increase the likelihood of devolution Mountains, deserts, plateaus, and large bodies of water Ex. Tibet (China) and Kashmir (India) in the Himalayas |
| How does ethnic or linguistic separatism cause devolution? | Ethnic groups and minorities are often concentrated in specific regions, which can lead to independence movements In order to maintain unity, the central government often grants more autonomy to these regions |
| What is terrorism? | Organized violence aimed at government and civilian targets that is intended to create fear to further political aims. Ethnic separatists often employ it in hopes of achieving devolution. On a global scale it often has roots in a specific region |
| What is Al Qaeda? | A Sunni Muslim terrorist group that started in Afghanistan in the 1980s fighting the USSR. In the 1990s the group focused its aggression towards the USA for supporting the Saudi Arabian monarchy and Israel |
| What causes of devolution have the Basque people experienced? | Ethnic and Linguistic Separatism and Terrorism. The Basque language is completely unrelated in origin to any other European language and probably pre-dates the arrival of Indo-European languages |
| How do economic factors cause devolution? | Control of natural resources can prompt regions to advocate for devolution. They argue that the money from these resources should be used locally to improve quality of life. Central governments often argue that the profits should go to the country. |
| Where is Nigeria's oil located? | Biafra |
| What is subnationalism? | Describes people who have a primary allegiance to their traditional group or ethnicity and not the national state |
| What are some examples of subnationalism? | Ex. Some Quebecois favor Quebec over Canada Ex. Some people in eastern Ukraine would rather be part of Russia Ex. Some Uyghur’s in Xinjiang, China would rather have a new country, East Turkestan, than be in the PRC |
| What is irredentism? | A movement to unite people who share a language or other cultural elements but are divided by national boundaries Ex. Germany in WWI and WWII Ex. Current Russian aggression in Ukraine |
| Aside from physical geography, linguistic separatism, and economic factors, what else may cause devolution? | Terrorism, subnationalism, and irredentism |
| Can devolution lead to? | Fragmentation, and the disintegration of the state |
| What are some examples of a state disintegration? | Sudan in the early 2000s The USSR in the early 1990s |
| What is balkanization? | The fragmentation of a state or region into smaller, often hostile, units along ethno-linguistic lines |
| Why is balkanization named after the Balkan Mountains? | In the early 1900s this region experienced ethnic conflict between the Serbs, Croats, Slovenes, Bulgars, Romanians, and others. |
| What is the relevant modern history of the Balkan Mountains and the nations in that region? | They for independence from the Ottoman Turks and the Austro-Hungarian Empire. In the years before WW1, this region was known as the Powder Keg of Europe. The communist era provided stability in the region, but it fell into war again in the 90s. |
| What is one way states can battle devolution? | They can make concessions to disgruntled regions. In particular forming autonomous states |
| What are some examples of autonomous states? | The Navajo Nation in the USA Jewish Autonomous Oblast in eastern Russia |
| What is the fragile states index based on? | The extent of regional unrest among disaffected citizens, ability of legal systems to enforce contracts and property rights, level of compliance with paying taxes, and freedom to express diverse political views |
| What is the definition of a centripetal force? | A cultural value that tends to unify people |
| What defines political identity? | Unifying institutions such as schools - history classes that promote the state, pledging allegiance Holidays Nationalism Forward Capital |
| What is a forward capital? | A capital city that is relocated for economic, political, or strategic symbolism. Attempts to create unity or a stronger state. Ex. Brasilia; Abuja, Nigeria |
| What are some centripetal forces? | Political identity Economic development Cultural practices |
| What does a developed infrastructure provide? | Unity in trade, interaction, and dependance |
| What's Brasilia? | The capital of Brazil relocated to the center of the state to unify and spur economic development in the interior. It was designed in the shape of a plane to represent progress. Many people complain that the city has no pulse and is stale. |
| What is the definition of centrifugal forces? | A cultural value that tends to pull people apart |
| What are some examples of centrifugal forces? | Regionalism Uneven development (Ex. China – interior vs. coasts) Ethnic nationalism in multiethnic states Declining state sovereignty Failed states Ethnic Cleansing Stateless nations |
| What is an example of a force that can be both centrifugal and centripetal? | Nationalism |
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Joshuaemer
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