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Psychology Final
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Neurons | the human brain has approximately 86 billion neurons |
| Somabody | contains genetic info |
| dendrites | receive messages from other neurons |
| axon | transports the electrical message |
| myelin sheath | fatty covering; insulates and increases speed of signal |
| axon terminal | make it possible for one neuron to interact with other neurons |
| axon size | the larger the axon, the faster the signal |
| insulation | the more myelinated an axon, the faster the signal |
| synapse | space between neurons |
| neurotransmitters | transfer info from the axon terminal of one neuron across the synapse to the dendrites of the next neuron |
| Acetylcholine | muscle action and memory |
| Beta-endorphin | pain and pleasure |
| Dopamine | mood, sleep and learning |
| Gama- aminobutyric acid (GABA) | brain function and sleep |
| Glutamate | memory and learning |
| Norepinephrine | heart, intestines, alertness |
| Serotonin | mood and sleep |
| Glial Cells | most plentiful cells in brain; purpose related to neurons: nourish, insulate, direct the growth and remove waste |
| Cerebral Cortex | language, logical reasoning, emotion regulation |
| Basal Ganglia | control of movements, learning, habit, cognition and emotion |
| Hypothalamus | controls body temperature, hunger, fatigue, sleep |
| Thalamus | regulation of sleep, consciousness, and alertness |
| Amygdala | memory, decision - making, emotional responses |
| Hippocampus | memory, navigation |
| Midbrain | Substantia nigra, VTA |
| Hindbrain | cerebellum, pons and medulla |
| Concussions | jarring of the brain in which minor damage to neurons and blood vessels occur |
| contusions | (more serious) the brain is bruise or torn when it hits the skull |
| Stroke | resulting form blood clots or bursting of a blood vessel in the brain |
| Epilepsy | seizures resulting from uncontrolled electrical charges in the brain |
| Fetal Alcohol Syndrome | 50000 babies are born each year in the US with alcohol-related defects(25% qualify for FAS) |
| Psychology | the scientific study of humans, behavior, feelings and cognitions |
| Basic goals of Psychology | explain, predict and control |
| structuralism | conscious mind could be broken down into fundamental structures |
| father of psychology | Wilhelm Wundt; founded psychology lab in Leipzig, Germany |
| Functionalism | William James; mind could be broken down into parts but placed emphasis on the adaptive functions of the mind |
| Gestalt | Wetheimer, Koffka and Kohler; the whole is greater than the sum of its parts |
| Psychoanalytic | Sigmund Freud; emphasis is on the unconscious and on childhoods experiences |
| Who founded Behaviorism | John B. Watson |
| Behaviorism | focus on observable and measurable behaviors |
| B.F Skinner | most famous behaviorist; rejected internal mental states; conditioning |
| Cognitive | emphasis to understand how we process information |
| Humanistic Existential | Carl Rogers; client-centered therapy |
| Abraham Maslow | hierarchy of needs; physiological, safety; love and belonging, esteem, self-actualization |
| social learning | albert- bandura; importance of observational learning |
| Multicultural Psychology | culture impacts thoughts, feelings and behaviors |
| case histories | detailed description of a particular individual; good for researching areas that would be unethical to test |
| naturalistic observation | describing of behavior as it occurs in a natural setting |
| laboratory observation | location determined by researcher; removed from their natural setting but the psychologist has more control |
| electroencephalograms | measure and record minute wavelike electrical signals |
| computed tomography | camera is a composite image of the brain with a scanner that revolves around the skull, taking thousands of X-rays |
| positron emission tomography | uses the principle that blood is rushed to busy areas of the brain. |
| psychological dependence | exists when a drug becomes so central to a person's thoughts, emotions and activities that it is extremely difficult |
| Physical dependence | occurs when the body adjusts to the presence of a drug, so that physical symptoms such as discomfort and pain occur when the drug is withdrawn |
| tolerance | a condition in which increasingly larger amounts of a drug are required to produce the effect previously achieved with smaller doses |
| Addiction | repetitive behaviors in the face of negative consequences |
| Controversial subjects | some psychologists do not believe that sexual or pornography use ca be classified as an addiction |
| sensation | occurs when sensory info is detected by a sensory receptor |
| perception | the way sensory information is interpreted by the brain |
| amplitude | height of a wave as measured from the highest point on the wave to the lowest point on the wave |
| wavelength | length of a wave from on peak to the next |
| frequency | the number of waves that pass a given point in a particular time period( expressed in hertz) |
| visual spectrum | the part of the electromagnetic spectrum that we can see |
| pitch | frequency of a sound wave |
| high frequency wave | high pitch |
| low frequency wave | low pitch |
| amplitude | the volume of a sound |
| trichromatic theory | all colors in the spectrum are a combination of red, green and blue; 3 types of cones-each correspond to one of the colors |
| Opponent- Process Theory | colors codes in opponent pairs: black-white, yellow-blue, and green-red |
| Binocular Cues | rely on both eyes |
| Monocular Cues | cues that require one eye |
| Temporal Theory | frequency is coded by activity level of a sensory neurons |
| Place Theory | different portions of the basilar membrane are sensitive to sounds of different frequencies |
| Monaural cues | help locate sounds that are above, below, in front or behind us |
| Binaural | help located sounds on a horizontal plane |
| deafness | the inability to hear |
| sensorineural | failure to transmit neural signals from the cochlea to the brain |
| congenital deafness | being born deaf |
| conductive hearing loss | caused by age, genetics, exposure to extreme noise, illnesses, damage from toxins |
| taste(gustation) | sweet, salty, sour, bitter, umami and fatty; life cycle of 10-14 days; 2000-8000 taste buds |
| vestibular sense- | ability to maintain balance and body posture |
| Proprioception | perception of body position |
| Kinesthesia | percept ion of body's movement through space |
| figure | object or person that is in focus |
| ground | background to the primary focus |
| learning | a relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge that results from experience |
| 2 types of learning | non associative and associative |
| 3 types of associative learning | classical conditioning, operant conditioning and observational learning |
| who founded classical conditioning | Ivan Pavlov |
| classical conditioning | process by which we learn to associate stimuli and to anticipate events |
| operant conditioning | organisms learn to associate behavior and its consequences |
| elements of operant conditioning | antecedent, behavior, reinforcement |
| antecedent | neutral environmental conditions |
| behavior | something an organism does |
| reinforcement | any outcome that increases the likelihood that the behavior will be repeated |
| punishment | any outcome that decreases the likelihood that the behavior will be repeated |
Created by:
marlailaris12
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