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WAHS TAKS Science #1
*WAHS TAKS Science: Tests, Cells, & DNA
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Hypothesis | an educated guess about what might happen in an experiment |
| Theory | a general explanation of observations about the natural world |
| Postulates | something assumed without proof as being self-evident or generally accepted |
| Dependent Variable | y axis, variable that responds/changes as a result of the manipulated one, measure/observe this one |
| Independent Variable | x axis, manipulated/changed variable in an experiment |
| Control | baseline measurement, a standard used to compare experimental results |
| Validity | whether an experiment really measures what it is supposed to |
| Reliability | whether repeated experiments produce the same results |
| Cell | smallest living unit of an organism; human cells have a nucleus, bacteria do not |
| Virus | non-living particle, does not grow or move, but CAN reproduce with help of a living cell |
| Virus-related diseases | common cold, influenza, smallpox, warts, AIDS |
| Bacteria | a prokaryote, simplest of all living things, can produce foods & antibiotics, but also diseases |
| Bacteria shapes | three basic shapes: spheres/cocci, rods/bacilli, and spirals/spirilli |
| Bacteria-related diseases | gums and bone diseases, strep throat, pneumonia, diphtheria |
| Pathogens | any agent that can cause disease |
| Antigens | any substance (toxins or enzymes) that stimulates an immune response in the body (the production of antibodies) |
| Antibiotic | a product that kills or inhibits growth of microorganisms like bacteria |
| Antibodies | proteins produced in the blood in response to the presence of an antigen, making them harmless or destroyed |
| Flagellum | long hair-like structures in bacteria that enable movement |
| Host Cells | animal or plant cells where another organism lives |
| Nucleus | the command center of a cell, controls its activities |
| Prokaryotic | organism cells having no nucleus, or membrane-bound structure |
| Eukaryotic | organism cells with nuclei, usually multi-cellular |
| Organelle | a cell structure that performs a specific function |
| Chloroplasts | a plant-cell organelle which uses energy in sunlight to make glucose sugar |
| Photosynthesis | the process of chloroplasts making glucose for an energy source |
| Mitochondria | an organelle that breaks down food molecules to provide energy, often found in muscle cells |
| Ribosomes | the cell ‘factory’ (organelle) where protein is made, part of the cell structure that mRNA attaches to |
| Cytoplasm | portion of a eukaryotic cell outside the nucleus; contains all the organelles |
| Monerans | one-celled organisms like amoeba and bacteria, no nucleus |
| Protists | one-celled or many-celled, like algae; not a plant, animal or fungus |
| Homeostasis | the stable internal state of a cell |
| Gene/Genetics | study of the sections of DNA on a chromosome that direct the making of specific proteins; they determine individual traits |
| Nucleic Acids | complex molecules that store information in cells in code form |
| DNA | deoxyribonucleic acid, a molecule found in the cells of all organisms, contains genetic information that controls cell functions |
| Nucleotide | the small units of a DNA Molecule, with these components - phosphate groups, sugar (deoxyribose), nitrogen base sequences |
| Nitrogen Bases in DNA | Adenine (A), Thymine (T), Guanine (G), Cytosine (C) – they hold the genetic information; form a ring structure |
| Complementary Nitrogen Bases | G + C, A + T |
| RNA | ribonucleic acid, like DNA but has Uracil (U) instead of Thymine. |
| mRNA | messenger RNA, carries messages from DNA to the rest of the cell |
| Codons | the mRNA info organized into 3-letter blocks, like words; there are 64 codons (61 are amino acids) |
| Stop Codon | any of three codons (UAA, UAG, and UGA) in mRNA that do not code for an amino acid, so they stop protein manufacturing |
| tRNA | transfer RNA, matches specific Codons to their corresponding Amino Acids |
| Chromosomes | a threadlike linear strand of DNA and proteins that carries the genes and hereditary information |
| Mitosis | cell division producing two daughter cells identical to parent cell |
| Meiosis | cell division producing daughter cells with half the number of chromosomes of the parent cell |
| Replication | the process of a cell dividing, and duplicating two identical DNA molecules |
| Transcription | the process of copying DNA genetic information into mRNA |
| Translation | the process of producing a protein from mRNA |
| Mutation | a ‘mistake’ in a DNA sequence; could be useful (survival) OR harmful (sickle-cell anemia) |
| Phenotype | the way an organism looks |
| Genotype | the gene combination of an organism |
| Parthenogenesis | a form of reproduction in which an unfertilized egg develops into a new individual; “virgin birth” |
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