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PSYC 3016 Ch 2

TermDefinition
research Exploration of the unknown; finding out something that nobody knew before one discovered it.
Funder's Second Law There are no perfect indicators of personality; there are only clues, and clues are always ambiguous.
S data Self-judgments, or ratings that people provide of their own personality attributes or behavior.
face validity The degree to which an assessment instrument, such as a questionnaire, on its face appears to measure what it is intended to measure. For example, a face-valid measure of sociability might ask about attendance at parties.
self-verification The process by which people try to bring others to treat them in a manner that confirms their self-conceptions.
I data Informants’ data, or judgments made by knowledgeable informants about general attributes of an individual’s personality.
judgements Data that derive, in the final analysis, from someone using his or her common sense and observations to rate personality or behavior.
expectancy effect The tendency for someone to become the kind of person others expect him or her to be; also known as a self-fulfilling prophecy and behavioral confirmation.
behavioral confirmation The self-fulfilling prophecy tendency for a person to become the kind of person others expect him or her to be; also called the expectancy effect.
L data Life data, or more-or-less easily verifiable, concrete, real-life outcomes, which are of possible psychological significance.
B data Behavioral data, or direct observations of another’s behavior that are translated directly or nearly directly into numerical form. B data can be gathered in natural or contrived (experimental) settings.
reliability In measurement, the tendency of an instrument to provide the same comparative information on repeated occasions.
measurement error The variation of a number around its true mean due to uncontrolled, essentially random influences; also called error variance.
state A temporary psychological event, such as an emotion, thought, or perception.
trait A relatively stable and long-lasting attribute of personality.
aggregation The combining together of different measurements, such as by averaging them.
Spearman-Brown formula In psychometrics, a mathematical formula that predicts the degree to which the reliability of a test can be improved by adding more items
psychometrics The technology of psychological measurement.
validity The degree to which a measurement actually reflects what it is intended to measure.
construct An idea about a psychological attribute that goes beyond what might be assessed through any particular method of assessment.
construct validation The strategy of establishing the validity of a measure by comparing it with a wide range of other measures.
generalizability The degree to which a measurement can be found under diverse circumstances, such as time, context, participant population, and so on. In modern psychometrics, this term includes both reliability and validity.
research design Plan for gathering data. Three types: case, experimental, and correlational.
case method Studying a particular phenomenon or individual in depth both to understand the particular case and to discover general lessons or scientific laws.
experimental method A research technique that establishes the causal relationship between an independent variable (x) and dependent variable (y) by randomly assigning participants to experimental groups
correlational method A research technique that establishes the relationship (not necessarily causal) between two variables, traditionally denoted x and y, by measuring both variables in a sample of participants.
scatter plot A diagram that shows the relationship between two variables by displaying points on a two-dimensional plot.
correlation coefficient A number between –1 and +1 that reflects the degree to which one variable, traditionally called y, is a linear function of another, traditionally called x.
negative correlation as x goes up, y goes down
positive correlation x goes up, so does y
zero correlation x and y are unrelated
Created by: dr_toombs
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