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Paper 1 studies
All key studies from Paper 1 AQA Psych
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Jenness | Participants guessing the number of beans in a jar would change their second guess to be closer to the group estimate |
| Asch | Participants conformed to confederates and said the wrong answer in a simple line-matching task 33% of the time |
| Asch variations | Changed the difficulty of the task, the group size, the unanimity of the majority and whether they answered out loud or in private |
| Zimbardo | Created a fake prison environment at Stanford University to see if student participants would conform to their roles |
| Milgram | Got 65% of participants to 'shock' a confederate to 450Vs, just because of the presence of an authority figure in a lab coat |
| Milgram variations | Changed the proximity of the authority and victim, tried with and without the lab coat, and moved the experiment to a run-down office |
| Hofling | Studied obedience in real life hospital, where 21/22 nurses broke strict rules because an unknown doctor told them to over the phone |
| Adorno | Created the Authoritarian Personality explanation of obedience, claiming some are just more likely to be obey because of their parents |
| Elms & Milgram | Discovered that obedient participants in the original shock study were likely to have a higher F score |
| Avtgis | Discovered that people with a high internal locus of control were significantly less likely to be persuaded, influenced or to conform - compared to high external LoC |
| Moscovici | Found that a consistent minority (8%) were significantly more influential than an inconsistent one (1%) in a colour perception test |
| Nemeth & Brilmayer | Jurors were more likely to be influenced by a confederate juror who was willing to compromise over the level of compensation given to the victim |
| Miller | Used a serial recall task to determine STM capacity and found that most people could remember between 5-9 items (magic number 7) |
| Peterson & Peterson | Found that 90% of participants could remember a 3-consonant trigram after 3 seconds, but only 2% could recall it after 18 seconds |
| Bahrick | Investigated the duration of LTM by asking people to recall people from their high school. Even after 48 years, they scored 70% on photo recall |
| Baddeley | Found that STM and LTM are coded differently - STM are coded acoustically and LTM coded semantically |
| Glanzer & Cunitz | Discovered the Serial Position Effect, where people are more likely to remember words at the beginning (primacy effect) and end (recency effect) of a list |
| Patient KF | Had a motorcycle accident and afterwards had a normal visual STM capacity, but an abnormally low verbal STM capacity |
| Patient HM | Had his hippocampus removed and afterwards was unable to form new declarative memories (episodic and semantic), but able to form new procedural memories |
| Gathercole & Baddeley | Dual task technique. Found that we can do visual and verbal tasks simultaneously but not 2 visual tasks. |
| Underwood | Participants who memorised one list could recall 70% of it the next day, but if they memorised 10+ lists they only recalled 20% |
| Muller | Recall of nonsense syllables was worse for participants given a distraction task during the retention interval |
| Godden & Baddeley | Participants learnt word lists on ground or underwater (scuba). Recall was best if the conditions were the same as during learning - whether back on ground or underwater |
| Goodwin et al | Participants who were drunk when learning word lists were better at recalling them if they were drunk again. If sober at learning, recall was best when sober again |
| Loftus & Palmer | Altered the verb they used during questioning witnesses to a car crash. If using the word 'smashed', their speed estimates averaged 41mph, compared to 32mph for 'contacted' |
| Yuille & Cutshall | Used leading questions on witnesses to a real life armed robbery. They found that in real life cases, leading questions did not affect memory. |
| Gabbert | Showed different participants two videos of the same event and then allowed them to discuss what they had seen. 71% of them later recalled things that they couldn’t have seen |
| Loftus (or Johnson & Scott) | Studied the Weapon Focus Effect. 33% of participants correctly identified a man if he was carrying a knife, but 47% recalled if he carried a pen |
| Christianson & Hubinette | Studied real life bank robberies and, contrary to the Weapon Focus Effect, found that the best recall was from witnesses who experienced the threat close up |
| Kohnken | Compared cognitive and standard interview. Cognitive was better (though it also led to more incorrect information being reported). |
| Meltzoff & Moore | Infants as young as two weeks old were able to imitate specific facial and hand gestures by a caregiver model |
| Brazelton et al | Still face experiment |
| Schaffer & Emerson | Carried out a study on families in Glasgow and from their observations they developed a 4-stage model of attachment formation, such as indiscriminate and discriminate attachments |
| Harlow | Found that monkeys provided with two surrogate mothers (one made of wire that provided food and one covered in a cloth) were more attached to the one that gave comfort rather than food |
| Lorenz | Demonstrated 'imprinting' by being the first thing that baby geese saw. They treated him as a caregiver and followed him around until adulthood |
| Bowlby | Tested his Maternal Deprivation Hypothesis by studying juvenile thieves. Found a significantly high proportion of them had been maternally deprived in early life. |
| Ainsworth | Created the Strange Situation Method, from which she categorised three attachment types (secure, insecure-avoidant and insecure-resistant) |
| Van Ijzendoorn & Kroonenberg | Conducted a meta-analysis of different Strange Situation experiments from around the world and found secure attachment was always the most common, with variations between countries |
| Rutter | Carried out longitudinal research of Romanian orphans and found significant differences in the recovery and progress of those adopted before and after 6 months of age |
| Zeanah | Institutionalised (Romanian) orphans who had spent 90% or more of their lives in an institution were significantly more likely to show disinhibited attachment type than a 'normal' control who had not been in an institution |
| Hazan & Shaver | Conducted the 'love quiz', which was a retrospective questionnaire asking participants about their earliest attachments. Found a correlation between early attachment type and later romantic relationships. |
| Simpson | Conducted a longitudinal study over 25+ years and found a positive correlation between participants' earliest attachments (using Strange Situation method) and future relationships, both friendship and romantic. |
| Jahoda (not a study) | Developed the characteristics of ideal mental health, including high self-esteem and self-actualisation |
| Rosenhan and Seligman | Characteristics/ signs a person isn’t coping; observer discomfort, personal distress, maladaptive behaviour |
| Mowrer (not a study) | Came up with the two-way process in explaining phobias, involving both classical conditioning for phobia initiation and operant conditioning for phobia maintenance. |
| Watson and Raynor | Little Albert study – conditioned to fear a rat |
| Choy et al | Compared treatments for phobias. Systematic and flooding both effective, but flooding slightly better. |
| Gilroy et al | Tested systematic desensitisation – three sessions, followed up three and 33 months later. Effective. |
| Beck (not a study) | Developed the Negative Triad theory of depression, which states that sufferers have a negative view of themselves, the world and the future. |
| Ellis (not a study) | Developed the ABC model for explaining depression, with A = activating event, B = belief about that event, and C = the consequence of that belief. |
| Ellis | Claimed a 90% success rate for REBT, a form of CBT, at treating depression |
| March et al | Compared the efficacy of CBT, antidepressants, and a combination. CBT and antidepressants both had an 81% success rate, whilst a combination had 86% success. |
| Elkin | Found that CBT was significantly less effective for people who have high levels of irrational beliefs |
| Nestadt | Found that those who were first-degree relatives of sufferers of OCD were 5x more likely to develop the condition than the general population |
| Soomro | Reviewed 17 studies and found that SSRIs were more effective (70% success) than a placebo at reducing symptoms after 3-months |
Created by:
SBlakeley
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