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Chapter 8

PSYC 3016 Ch 8 & 9

QuestionAnswer
neuron A cell of the nervous system that receives and transmits information; also called nerve cell.
hypothalamus A complex structure near the lower center of the brain that has direct connections to many other parts of the brain and is involved in the production of psychologically important hormones; thought to be important for mood and motivation.
hormone A biological chemical that affects parts of the body some distance from where it is produced.
amygdala A structure located near the base of the brain that is believed to play a role in emotion, especially negative emotions such as anger and fear.
hippocampus A complex structure deep within the brain, behind the hypothalamus, that plays an important role in memory processes.
cortex The outside portion of an organ (see adrenal cortex); in the context of this book, the cortex refers to the outer layers of the brain.
neocortex The outside portion of an organ (see adrenal cortex); in the context of this book, the cortex refers to the outer layers of the brain.
frontal cortex The front part of the cortex of the brain. Divided left and right into the two frontal lobes, this part of the brain is associated with cognitive functioning such as planning, foresight, and understanding.
EEG A technique for measuring the brain’s electrical activity by placing electrode sensors on the outside of the skull.
MEG A technique for using delicate magnetic sensors on the outside of the skull to detect brain activity.
PET A technique for creating images of brain activity by injecting a radioactive tracer into the blood and then, using a scanner, finding where in the brain the blood is being metabolized.
fMRI technique for imaging brain activity by using a powerful magnet to help detect blood flow in the brain.
somatic marker hypothesis Neurologist Antonio Damasio’s idea that the bodily (somatic), emotional component of thought is a necessary part of problem solving and decision making.
corpus callosum The thick bundle of nerve fibers connecting the right and left halves of the brain.
anterior cingulate The front part of the cingulate, a brain structure that runs from the front to the back of the brain in the middle, just above the corpus callosum. The anterior cingulate is believed to be important for the experience of normal emotion and selfcontrol.
neurotransmitters The chemicals that allow one neuron to affect, or communicate with, another.
synapse The space between two neurons across which impulses are carried by neurotransmitters.
central nervous system brain and spinal cord
peripheral nervous system The system of nerves running throughout the body, not including the brain and spinal cord.
endorphins The body’s own pain-killing chemicals, which operate by blocking the transmission of pain messages to the brain.
serotonin A neurotransmitter within the brain that plays an important role in the regulation of emotion and motivation.
adrenal cortex The outer layer of the adrenal gland, atop the kidneys, that secretes several behaviorally important hormones.
epinephrine A neurotransmitter in the brain and also a hormone that is released by the adrenal gland as part of the body’s response to stress; also called adrenaline.
norepinephrine An important neurotransmitter in the brain that is associated with responses to stress; also called noradrenaline.
oxytocin A hormone that may have specific effects in women of emotional attachment and calming.
testosterone male sex hormone.
estrogen female sex hormone.
cortisol released into the bloodstream by the adrenal cortex as a response to physical or psychological stress.
allele A particular variant, or form, of a gene; most genes have two or more alleles.
epigenetics Nongenetic influences on a gene’s expression, such as stress, nutrition, and so forth.
Created by: dr_toombs
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