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Year 10 AGS Term 3
Term | Definition |
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recall and describe the hierarchical structure of organisation | cells group together to make tissues. Groups of tissues grow together to make organs. Selected organs contribute to certain systems in the body. |
Recall the function of the nucleus | A body found in nearly all cells which contains DNA of the cells and is the control centre of all cell function. Present in Plant and Animal cells |
Recall the function of the Cell Wall | Usually rigid and protects structures within the cell. Composed mainly of lignin. The cell wall is found ONLY in plant cells. |
Recall the function of the Plasma Membrane | Covers all of the cell organs. Composed mainly of lipids and protein. It is found in all cells. |
Recall the function of the Cytoplasm | A jelly like substance that contains all of the living material in the cell that is enclosed within the cell membrane (with the exception of the nucleus). Present in Plant and Animal cells |
Recall the function of the Chloroplasts | Contain chlorophyll, which is essential for the photosynthetic activities of the cell. Chloroplasts are found ONLY in plant cells. |
Recall the function of the Vacuole | A fluid filled space within the cytoplasm bounded by a membrane. It functions as a reservoir to hold food and waste products. Plant cells have a large central vacuole, animal cells have small, numerous vacuoles. |
Recall the function of the Endoplasmic Reticulum | The ER increases the surface area of the cell, and aids in the exchange of material (transport system) Present in Plant and Animal cells |
Recall the function of the Ribosomes | Small particles found either free in the cytoplasm or attached to the outer surface of the ER. Contain high concentrations of RNA, and are the site of protein synthesis. Present in plant and animal cells |
Recall the function of the Golgi Apparatus | Found in the cytoplasm. Function is isolating and transporting molecules out of the cell. Present in Plant and Animal cells es of protein synthesis. Present in Plant and Animal cells |
Recall the function of the Mitochondria | Found in the cytoplasm. Are responsible for energy production. Present in Plant and Animal cells |
describe and explain the process of photosynthesis (and the role of chloroplasts) | the process by which plants use sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide to create oxygen and energy in the form of sugar |
What is the name of the organisation of cells to plant systems? | The hierarchical structure of cells |
Identify the four types of tissues in plants | Meristematic, Vascular, Dermal and Ground |
Describe the function of meristematic tissue | site of growth at the tips of roots and shoots (apical) and around the outside of stem (lateral) |
Describe the function of vascular tissue | transport tissue Xylem - transports water and nutrients Phloem - transports metabolic products The xylem and phloem are organised into vascular bundles |
Describe the function of the Xylem | transports water and nutrients UP from the roots to the leaves |
Describe the function of the Phloem | transports metabolic products (e.g. glucose) after photosynthesis from the leaves to the rest of the plant. |
Describe cellular respiration | Cellular respiration is a metabolic pathway that breaks down glucose and oxygen and produces ATP (along with water and carbon dioxide) |
Describe the function of Dermal Tissue | protects the soft tissues of plants and controls interactions with the plants' surroundings. E.g. epidermis of leaf |
Describe Ground tissue | Any plant tissue that isn't meristematic, vascular or dermal. e.g. mesophyll tissue in the leaf (storage/photosynthesis) |
Recall three differences between monocots and dicots | Monocots have - 1 cotyledon, parallel leaf veins, flower petals in multiples of 3 and shallow, fibrous roots. Dicots have - 2 cotyledons, networked leaf veins, flower petals in multiples of 4 or 5 and tap roots |
How are the vascular bundles arranged in monocots and dicots | Vascular bundles are scattered in a monocot and arranged in a ring for dicots |
Describe some examples of how plants can be classified | What kind of food they produce (e.g. fruits, oils, ornamentals) Biological classification: Plant family to which they belong (KPCOFGS) Monocots and Dicots |
Name some examples of grasses | Monocotyledon flowering plants e.g. buffalo grass, rhodes grass, green panic |
Name some examples of legumes | A plant or fruit/seed that are grown agriculturally primarily for their grain seed, for livestock forage and sileage, and as soil enhancing manure. e.g. peas, beans, soybean, fava beans |
Name some examples of Fibre crops | Grown for fibre which is traditionally used to make paper, cloth or rope e.g. Jute, Cotton |
Name some examples of fruit crops | Seed bearing structure in flowering plants e.g. passionfruit, mango, lychee, tomato, pumpkin |
Name some examples of nut crops | A fruit composed of an inedible hard shell and a seed, which is generally edible e.g. almonds, hazel nuts, macadamia nuts |
Name some examples of vegetable crops | Plant or part of a plant consumed as part of a meal. e.g. broccoli, cauliflower, carrot |
Name some examples of ornamental crops | Plants grown for decorative purposes e.g. carnations, tulips, roses, lillies |
Recall the order of a biological classification | Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species |
Recall an example of a plant family | Asteraceae Fabaceae Poaceae |
Define Species | The division of a genus, a group of living things that can interbreed The basic unit of classification |
Define Variety | a type of organism, especially a cultivated plant |
Define Cultivar | a variety of plant that has been developed under cultivation and does not occur naturally in the wild, but is a distinct subspecies |
Recall the purpose of a seed | Houses small plant or embryo Designed for survival and reproduction of plants Size and shape assists with dispersal of seed |
Recall the role of an embryo within a seed | A plant in the early stages of development |
Recall the function of the Radicle | structure of the plant that will turn into the root |
Recall the function of the Plumule | the structure of the plant that will turn into the shoot |
Recall the function of the Cotyledon | an embryonic leaf in seed-bearing plants, one or more of which are the first leaves to appear from a germinating seed. |
Recall the factors required for germination | Temperature Water Oxygen Environment (e.g. fire/scarification) |
Define viability of a seed | The capacity for a seed to germinate (measured as a %) |
Define longevity of a seed | The length of time seeds can be stored and still germinate |
Define dormancy of a seed | the ability of seed to delay germination |
Define fertilisation in plants | the joining of the male and female gametes to produce a new embryo. |
Define germination | when the embryo emerges from the seed. |
Recall the formula for seed viability | % Viability = (Number of Germinated Seeds/Total number of seeds) x 100 |
Recall the function of leaves on a plant | Carry out photosynthesis (the process of trapping sunlight and using it to combine carbon dioxide and water to form oxygen and glucose) |
Recall what the term ‘Net Assimilation Rate’ means | The time of the day when photosynthesis is greater than respiration so the plant 'grows' |
Define 'nodes' | The point off the stem where leaves emerge |
Define 'internodes' | The space between two nodes on a stem |
Describe how leaves are attached to the stem in Monocots and Dicots | Petiole – attaching stem to leaf in dicots – leaves are attached through a sheath in monocots. |
Recall the function of the stem in a plant | Holds leaves and flowers up in the air - flowers need to be in air for pollination and leaves for photosynthesis Transports materials Stores food |
Recall the function of the stomata | the pores or ‘air spaces’ that are opened and closed by the movement of guard cells. |
Describe the function of the cuticle | a waxy layer on the top of the leaf that protects from the evaporation of water |
Describe the function of the lenticels | pores in the stem that allow oxygen and carbon dioxide to be exchanged with the atmosphere |
Describe the function of the Xylem | dead cells joined together that allow the movement of water and nutrients from the roots to the leaves and shoots (movement is UP) |
Describe the function of the Phloem | cells that are part of the vascular bundle that transport glucose (from photosynthesis) OUT to the rest of the plant (stems, roots, other leaves) |
Describe cohesion | Water molecules stick together in the Xylem and draw water from the roots to the leaf |
Describe adhesion | Water molecules adhere to the xylem wall to stop the water flowing back to the roots via gravity |
Describe the function of vascular bundles | contains xylem, phloem and a cork layer between the two. In monocotyledons the vascular bundles are scattered around the stem. In the dicotyledons are arranged in a ring |
Describe transpiration | the process of water movement through a plant and its evaporation from aerial parts, such as leaves, stems and flowers. |
Describe translocation | Transport of organic materials (glucose and nutrients) through the phloem |
Describe some factors that will affect transpiration | Heat. Humidity Wind speed Temperature Light intensity |
Distinguish between transpiration and translocation | Transpiration is the movement of water and nutrients UP from the roots to the leaves, whereas translocation is the movement of glucose around the plant |
Describe how plants can reduce transpiration | Having fewer leaves and stomata Modifying leaves eg. Cactus Closing stomata during the day Curling leaves to avoid exposure Having sunken stomata |
How does ring barking kill a tree? | The process removes the phloem (outer layer of the vascular bundles). This results in a halt in translocation and the root tips eventually starve to death after they don’t receive any glucose for growth and energy. |
Describe the difference between adhesion and cohesion | adhesion is when the water molecules stick to the Xylem wall, cohesion is when the water molecules bond to each other. |
Describe the function of stomata | the purpose of the stoma is to allow water and gas exchange from within the plant to the atmosphere. Osmotic pressure allows the guard cells to swell (stomata to open) or become flaccid (stomata is closed) |
Recall the function of roots of a plant | Anchor the plant in the soil Absorb water and dissolved mineral nutrients from the soil and supply the stem, leaves and reproductive system Store food made by the leaves |
Distinguish between taproots and secondary roots | Taproots are the primary roots. Secondary roots are the ones that branch off from the primary roots. |
Explain the difference between root structure in monocots and dicots | Dicots : Both tap and secondary roots Monocots : Fibrous roots only |
Describe the movement of water through the stem of the plant | Mature xylem vessels are dead and so energy is not required for water to pass through. 1. Cohesion and adhesion of water molecules. 2. ROOT PRESSURE 3. TRANSPIRATION PULL As water evaporates from the leaf a pressure draws water up the xylem. |
Recall the two types of asexual reproduction | Natural and artificial |
Recall some examples of vegetative asexual reproduction | Stolons or runners, Rhizomes, Tubers, Bulbs, Corms |
Recall some examples of artificial asexual reproduction | Cuttings and grafting, tissue culture |
What is meant by a perfect flower? | A perfect flower contains both male and female parts |
Recall the male parts of the flower. | Filament: Stalk like in the stamen that holds up the anther Anther: Sack-like structure that contains pollen (male gamete) Pollen grains are released from the anther that contains sperm |
Recall the female parts of the flower. | Stigma: Sticky part of the pistil that is receptive to pollen. Style: Hollow tube reaching down to the ovary Ovary: Contains ovules (female eggs) that are fertilised by the sperm The collective term is called the pistil or carpel. |
Recall the parts of the flower that are neither male or female | Stem: connects the flower to the rest of the plant Petals: colourful leaf-like structures which attract animals and insects Sepals: Thick green covers (leaves) that protect the flower before it opens |
Describe the process of fertilisation in the flower | Pollen grain produces a tube. Tube grows down style to ovary. Tube enters micropyle (opening in ovule). A nucleus from a cell in the pollen grain moves down pollen tube and fuses with ova. |
Describe the function of the fruit | A seed bearing structure in flowering plants formed from the ovary after flowering |
Describe the principle of limiting factors in plant productivity | the factor that is most limiting will be the one that prevents the plant from growing. e.g. water, genetics, nutrients, soil types |
Describes some methods for manipulating photosynthesis | Greenhouses capitalise on the increase in temperature to enhance photosynthesis Carbon dioxide is pumped into greenhouses to increase yield in tomatoes Genes added to plants from an algae which concentrate carbon dioxide at the site of photosynthesis |
Define growth | where the cells of an organism increase in size or number |
Recall the stages of growth in a plant | Germination, emergence, vegetative growth, reproductive growth, maturity, senescence |
Define Emergence | when a plant breaks through soil and emerges |
Recall an example of an agricultural crop and describe the stages of development in the growing process | refer to your case study example |
Recall what occurs during vegetative growth | The growth of the stems, shoots, roots and leaves. The budding of flowers signifies the end of this stage. |
Recall what occurs during reproductive growth | The growth of buds, flowers, seeds and/or fruit are during the reproductive phase of the plant life cycle. |
Explain the formula P=G+E | The physical appearance of the animal (Phenotype) is formed by the genetics of the animal (Genotype) and the Environment in which it is raised (e.g. available feed and water, temperature). |
Describe Heritability | how strongly a characteristic is passed on from one generation to the next. A h2 of greater than 0.3 or 30% us considered high. |
Describe a scenario where environment can change the phenotype of an animal | Rainfall: Low rainfall means that grass/crops won’t grow. If there is a shortage of feed, the animals won’t have enough feed = low weight. Low Temperatures – cattle will grow longer coats. |
Discuss how an animal producer can modify or control the environment to have less of an impact on an animal’s phenotype. | Keeping animals in sheds/intensive agriculture. Greenhouses/glasshouses for raising plants. |
Explain the phenomenon known as hybrid vigour or heterosis. | When two purebred genotypes are mated, the result is a genetically superior animal that can often out-perform both parents. This increase in genetic performance is known as hybrid vigour |
Describe Cross breeding | Mating two unrelated animals and creating a hybrid offspring that is usually genetically superior to one or both parents. |
Explain EBV's | Estimated Breeding Values are estimates of an animals performance based on herd averages. They can only be used to compare animals from the same breed. e.g. Brahmans. +1 shows 1kg greater than the herd average. -1 is 1kg lower than the herd average. |
Describe Continuous variation | Measurements where there are a complete range possible. Examples include weight, height, milk yield. |
Describe discontinuous variation | where individuals fall into a number of distinct classes or categories. e.g. Blood groups. |
Define inheritance | the transmission of genetic information from parent to offspring |
Define Tropism | the response of an organism by an external stimulus that causes the organism to respond in a particular manner e.g. Hydrotropism, Thigmotropism |
Describe Phototropism | the orientation of a plant or other organism in response to light, either towards the source of light (positive phototropism) or away from it (negative phototropism) |
Describe Geotropism | the growth of the parts of plants in response to the force of gravity |
Describe Thigmotropism | the turning or bending of a plant or other organism in response to a touch stimulus |
Describe Hydrotropism | the growth or turning of plant roots and rhizomes towards or away from moisture (Hydtrotrophism is stronger than Geotrophism) |
Describe plant hormones | organic substances produced by various parts of the plant that affect the growth and development of other parts of the plant. They have a role in coordination of plant growth and development. |
Describe the role of Auxins in plant growth | Helps the plant grow towards the sun Promotes root formation Cause cell elongation, secondary thickening of stems and roots, fruit development and dominance of the apical meristem |
Describe the role of Gibberelins in plant growth | The main function of gibberellins is to promote uniform growth through cell elongation Produced by germinating seeds and young stems Cause stem cell elongation and flowering Have a role in breaking seed dormancy |
Describe what the Net Assimilation Rate indicates | It is the calculation of the amount of photosynthesis in a plant with the respiration rate taken away. If the plant is 'growing' it has a positive NAR. |