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11 AGS Unit 2 - C&W
11 AGS Unit 2 - Climate and Weather, Risk and Technologies
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Define Climate | the average conditions of Earth’s atmosphere based on records taken over at least thirty years |
| Define Weather | the daily conditions of the atmosphere in terms of temperature, atmospheric pressure, wind and moisture |
| Describe some of the characteristics that causes changes in the climate | latitude, altitude, ocean currents (warm and cold) and worldwide circulation systems. |
| Describe the management decisions that are assisted by climate | Best location for cropping, cattle, sheep What crop/animal Should I buy, sell, agist, feed or breed? Irrigation requirements Possibility for frost damage |
| Describe the management decisions that are assisted by weather | Do I need to irrigate today? Is the wind too strong to spray insecticides? Should I move the stock to higher ground due to heavy rain? |
| Describe how temperature can be manipulated in agriculture | Choosing the correct growing season for plants (i.e. not planting winter crops in summer) Choosing the best breeds/variety for your area Daily and seasonal variation is important for crop/animal selection |
| Describe how precipitation can be manipulated in agriculture | Building dams for water storage Flood fencing to prevent infrastructure damage Irrigation to increase consistency of precipitation |
| Describe how humidity can be manipulated in agriculture | Greenhouses/shade houses. Mists/sprays in horticulture, dairies and feedlots |
| Describe how wind can be manipulated in agriculture | Fans in orchards. Planting wind breaks around edge of paddocks/property boundaries. |
| Describe how evaporation can be manipulated in agriculture | Shade houses/glasshouses. Misting sprays in horticulture. Timing of irrigation to reduce water loss |
| Describe how radiation can be manipulated in agriculture | Caged housing of chickens, timed mating of sheep, choosing the correct varieties for your region. |
| Recall the climatic variables covered this term | temperature, precipitation, humidity, wind, evaporation, radiation |
| Recall the instruments used to measure the climatic variables covered this term | temperature - thermometer, max/min thermometer, precipitation - rain gauge, humidity - hygrometer or wet and dry bulb thermometer, wind - anemometer, air pressure = barometer evaporation - atmometer or evaporimeter, radiation - solarimeter |
| Describe the cardinal temperature range | the range between the maximum, minimum and optimal temperature of organism survival. The optimum temperature for growth is the temperature at which the organism has the greatest productivity. |
| Describe the impact of cooler temperatures on animals and plants | activation of dormancy, animals consume more food in order to keep warm (reduced feed conversion efficiency) growth rates slow (animals and plants) when compared to those kept in optimal temperature conditions. Increased production costs (heating etc) |
| Describe the impact of high temperatures on animals and plants | excessive transpiration (plants) or dehydration (animals) excessive rates of respiration (plants and animals) and heat stress reduced appetite (animals) and reduced feed intake. Reduced productivity (inferior sperm, thin eggshells) |
| Describe the impact of high humidity in agriculture | High Humidity Higher chance of plant diseases such as mould and mildew Animals are less likely to keep cool as they are unable to sweat or evaporate water from their skin |
| Describe the impact of high wind speed in agriculture | damage to agricultural produce wind chills animals (new-born) and may cause death causes soil erosion spreads disease – rust spores and weeds eg. rubber vine. increases rate of evaporation and rate of transpiration |
| Describe what is meant by effective rainfall | The amount of rainfall useful to the plants (calculated by 1/3 of evaporation rate) If rainfall is greater than 1/3 evaporation then the rainfall is effective Growing seasons – the number of consecutive months of effective rainfall. |
| Describe the seasonal distribution of rainfall in Australia | northern Australia – most rainfall is in summer, virtually none in winter. Therefore raingrown crops are limited to summer. southern Australia – most rainfall in winter. Therefore raingrown crops are limited to late autumn, winter and spring. |
| Describe what is meant by rainfall variability | variability is lowest (15-20%) in the far north and far south of Australia variability generally increases with distance from the coast variability is highest on the western Capricorn coast (40%) low variability indicates reliable rainfall. |
| Define photoperiodism | the reaction of organisms to the length of night or a dark period. In plants it can affect growth and stimulate flowering. e.g. Short day plants e.g. wheat, oats and barley. In sheep the amount of light affects ovulation and reproduction. |
| Describe some ways that the growing season can be extended | by storing water (dams) or implementing irrigation |
| Describe how intensive agriculture modifies the climate | aquaculture modifies temperature and daylight, greenhouses modify humidity, day length and carbon dioxide concentration; piggeries modify temperature, nutrition and humidity |
| Describe the SOI Climate Driver | The Southern Oscillation Index, or SOI, gives an indication of the development and intensity of El Niño or La Niña events in the Pacific Ocean. The SOI is calculated using the pressure differences between Tahiti and Darwin. |
| Recall what phenomenon is created due to negative SOI values | Sustained negative values of the SOI below −8 often indicate El Niño episodes. |
| Recall what phenomenon is created due to positive SOI values | Sustained positive values of the SOI above +8 are typical of a La Niña episode |
| Describe the weather patterns experienced during El Niño | Warmer than average sea surface temperatures (SSTs) in the central and eastern tropical Pacific. Lower than average winter/spring rainfall over much of eastern Australia. |
| Describe the weather patterns experienced during La Niña | Cooler than average sea surface temperatures (SSTs) in the central and eastern tropical Pacific Ocean. Higher than average winter, spring and early summer rainfall over much of Australia. |
| Describe the weather patterns experienced during neutral SOI phases | The 'normal' weather patters of northern Australia - wet in summer and dry in winter. |
| Describe the IOD Climate Driver | Measured by comparing the sea temperatures in the East and West Indian Ocean Positive, Negative or Neutral |
| Describe the weather patterns experienced during neutral IOD | The 'normal' weather patters of northern Australia - wet in summer and dry in winter. |
| Describe the weather patterns experienced during positive IOD | warm water shifts East – less clouds, less rain on Central/ Southern Australia |
| Describe the weather patterns experienced during negative IOD | westerly winds, more clouds, rain in Central/ Southern Australia |
| Explain why the weather patterns in 2022 were unusual | Australia experienced negative IOD and La Nina together. This resulted in a lot of rain and flooding over large areas of Australia, particularly the Eastern states. |
| Recall some examples of extreme weather events and the agricultural implications | Cyclones/floods – move stock to higher ground Drought – water storage i.e. dams, irrigation Heat waves – black plastic on horticulture to reduce evaporation, fire breaks required Cold waves – shelter Hail storms – hail netting on orchards |
| Describe the causes of climate change | Human activities are increasing levels of greenhouse gases (GHGs, such as carbon dioxide, methane and water vapor) in the atmosphere, which leads to accelerated global warming |
| Describe the effects of climate change | an increase in the mean global temperature increased frequency and intensity of extreme weather events (e.g. drought, cyclones, floods) the potential for long term changes in climate and weather patterns rise in sea level and ocean acidification. |
| Define climate change | when changes in Earth's climate system result in new weather patterns that last for at least a few decades, and maybe for millions of years. |
| Identify the factors affecting property management decisions | sources of risk, market suitability, chemical usage, environmental and geographic factors, animal welfare requirements, human resources, availability of expertise, financial considerations. What was your pneumonic? |
| Recall the categories of risk | WH&S; Risks in the workplace with WHS, labour supply, availability of contractors, etc Natural Hazards; The uncertainty of the climate and weather and incidence of pests and disease, which can cause farm production to fluctuate Economic risk; |
| Describe some risk management strategies | A biosecurity plan, a risk management plan |
| Define a biosecurity plan | contains all the measures used to reduce the risk of disease and pest entry or spread on farm. |
| Recall what PPRR stands for | This is a business management tool that allows for Prevention, Preparedness, Response and Recovery. |
| Recall the prevention step in the PPRR model | take actions to reduce or eliminate the likelihood or effects of an incident. (Long Term) E.g. risk management plan, identifying potential risks, create strategies for dealing with risks specific to your business. |
| Recall the prepare step in the PPRR model | take steps before an incident to ensure effective response and recovery prior to an event. (Short Term). e.g. purchasing feed prior to the drought/fodder banking, diversifying income |
| Recall the response step in the PPRR model | contain, control or minimise the impacts of an incident. Occurs during the event. Agricultural actions include destocking, drought feeding animals, |
| Recall the recovery step in the PPRR model | take steps to minimise disruption and improve recovery times. e.g. implementing a recovery plan. |
| Describe how market suitability can affect property management decisions. | Consumer trends can change demand for certain products. Producing products sustainably may give your product an 'edge' over competitors. Environmental suitability make consumers more willing to purchase your product. Location to markets reduces food miles |
| Describe how consumer trends have affected agricultural markets | Farrowing crate free pork production in Coles RSPCA approved chicken in supermarkets Live export of sheep was suspended in 2016 (temporarily) ‘hormone free beef’ in Coles |
| Provide some examples of 'social responsibilities' required in agricultural enterprises | working and living conditions of labourers, the needs of rural communities, and consumer health and safety both in the present and the future are important. |
Created by:
DrLeeAGS
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