Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Allergy & Immunology
New set 2023 UWORLD only
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the earliest change in a thermal burn? | Erythema |
| What causes the erythema in a thermal burn? | Release of preformed mediators (e.g., histamine) from mast cells |
| Which cells secrete histamine during a thermal burn to produce erythema? | Mast cells |
| What causes the blisters in the later (deeper) thermal burns? | Fluid extravasation through gaps between the damaged venule endothelial cells. |
| What is FOXP3? | Transcriptional regulator, required for development of Tr cells |
| What transcriptional regulating protein is needed for development of Tr cells? | FOXP3 |
| Treg + IL-10 --> | ↓ MHC II expression -----> ↓APC activity |
| Treg + TGF-ß ----> | 1.↑ FOXP3 ----> ↑ Treg production 2. Inhibition activated B cells -----> ↓ B cell proliferation |
| Treg + CTLA-4 ---> | 1. Inhibition of CD28 co-stimulation with CD80/86 dendritic cell 2. ↓ T cell activation |
| What is caused by FOXP3 mutation? | Excessive immunoglobulin production and development of autoimmunity. |
| What causes the angioedema in ACE inhibitors? | ↑↑ bradykinin --> ↑ vascular permeability --> angioedema |
| What complement levels are low in Hereditary Angioedema? | C4 levels |
| Why are C4 levels low in hereditary Angioedema? | Uninhibited cleavage of C4 by excess activated C1 |
| What is anaphylaxis? | IgE-mediated response to allergen --> release of histamine by Mast cells and Basophils |
| What are the 3 main widespread physiologic effects of Histamine? | 1. Vasodilation and ↑ permeability --> hypotension 2. ↑ catecholamine secretion (tachycardia) 3. Bronchoconstriction (wheezing) |
| What is the 1st line of treatment for atopic dermatitis? | Topical corticosteroids |
| Which function of topical corticosteroids makes them the 1st line of treatment in atopic dermatitis? | ↓↓ proinflammatory prostaglandin and leukotriene synthesis by inhibiting phospholipase A2. |
| What is the role of IL-12 in T cell development? | Stimulates the differentiation of naive Th0 cells into Th1 cells. |
| What type of infections are most prone to occur in IL-12 deficiency patients? | Mycobacterial |
| What is the treatment of TB infection in IL-12 deficient patient? | IFN-gamma |
| Which enzyme is defective in CGD? | NADPH oxidase |
| What is measured by the dihydrorhodamine test? | Neutrophil respiratory burst |
| If the dihydrorhodamine test remains colorless, what is the diagnosis? | Chronic Granulomatous Disease |
| What is the pathological cause of Hyper-IgE syndrome? | Impaired neutrophil activation and migration due to defective Th-17 cell. |
| Defective Th-17 cell. Diagnosis? | Hyper-IgE syndrome |
| What are the main clinical findings in Hyper-IgE syndrome? | 1. Noninflammatory (cold) abscesses 2. Recurrent sinopulmonary infections 3. Chronic Atopic Dermatitis |
| What is the key difference between the late phase of hypersensitivity reaction type 1 and type IV hypersensitivity? | Hyper Sen 1 the skin indurates hours after testing due to tissue damage caused by MBP released by eosinophils, while type IV hypersensitivity develops over days. |
| What is an important characteristic of plasma antibodies? | Plasma antibodies are POLYCLONAL |
| What is the importance of Polyclonal antibodies in respect to monoclonal antibodies? | Polyclonal antibodies bind to different epitopes on an antigen resulting in better neutralizing complex antigens in contrast to monoclonal. |
| Where is a common place to find polyclonal antibodies? | Plasma |
| Which complement levels are low in SLE? | C3 and C4 |
| What is the result of low C3 and C4 levels in SLE? | Inability to initiate the alternative complement cascade, which causes Factor B levels to remain normal. |
| What sort of diseases or syndromes are seen with low levels of C3 and C4, but normal Factor B? | Rheumatologic diseases such as SLE |
| What type of hypersensitivity is Serum Sickness? | Type 3 Hypersensitivity reaction |
| What are drug examples of non-human proteins that lead to Serum Sickness? | Chimeric monoclonal antibodies such as Rituximab and Infliximab |
| Are C3 and C4 elevated or decreased in Serum Sickness? | Decreased |
| What are the major functions of the Spleen? | 1. Blood filter to remove circulating pathogens 2. Major site of opsonizing antibody synthesis |
| What kind of infectious agents are more likely to affect an asplenic patient? | Encapsulated bacteria |
| What type of infection can be fatal in a boy with X-linked agammaglobulinemia? | Enteroviral infection |
| What are the decreased levels found in X-agammaglobulinemia? | Low levels of B cells and immunoglobulins |
Created by:
rakomi
Popular USMLE sets