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Psychology
Chapter 4
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Developmental Psychology | The Scientific study of how humans change over lifespan from conception to death |
| What are the stages of brain development? | Neurogenesis, Cell Migration, Differentiation, Synaptogenesis, neuronal cell death, Synapse arrangement |
| Neurogenesis | 1st stage of brain development. Dividing cells become neurons |
| Cell migration | 2nd stage of brain development. Neurons move and start to form clumps of cells that become brain regions |
| Differentiation | Neurons develop into different types |
| Synaptogenesis | Making the billions of connections (synapses) between neurons |
| Neuronal Cell Death | Many cells formed earlier die, mostly because they have incorrect connections. This process stops before birth |
| Synapse rearrangement | Some Synapses are lost and others are formed. This process continues throughout life |
| What are the periods of Prenatal Development | Germinal, Embryotic, and Fetal period (GEF) |
| Germinal Period | Conception - about 2 weeks Zygote divides rapidly and implants to the uterine wall and placenta forms |
| Embryotic Period | About week 3 to 8 Brian, Spine, major organs and bodily structures begin to form |
| Fetal Period | About week 9 to birth Brain continues to develop, fetus grows in length and weight, fat accumulates for birthing process |
| Teratogens | Environmental substances that can harm prenatal development Ex: Legal Drugs, Recreational Drugs, Infections, Environmental factors. Impact depends on Duration, amount and when the exposer happened |
| Sensitive periods | Time during development when events, such as light deprivation, can have a large affect on brain development and later behavior |
| Secure attachment style | Confident as long as care giver is present, care giver is safe space |
| Avoidant Attachment style | Infant is willing to go off and explore, not really interested in care giver |
| Ambivalent Attachment style | Unwilling to explore. Upset when caregiver leaves and upset when they come back |
| Disorganized Attachment style | No solid attachment style |
| Strange situation | lab setting experiment. identifies attachment style child has to caregiver. What we use to identify which attachment style a child has. How does child respond to reunion and separation from primary care giver |
| Theory of Mind | Child understands that their thoughts are different than others. Something that is acquired not born with |
| Piaget's Theory of Cognitive development | Assimilation: Incorporate new information into existing schemas. Accommodation: Changes schemas or alters existing ones to incorporate new info that doesnt fit. |
| Schemas (prototype) | Collections of ideas, prior knowledge, and experiences that help organize info and guide thought and behavior. Example: when you think of a classroom you know the general setup. Board at from with a bunch of chairs facing it. |
| What are Piaget's 4 stages of cognitive development? | Sensorimotor Preoperational Concrete Operational Formal Operational |
| Sensorimotor | Ages 0-2. Starts to learn if you actively do something there is a sensory response |
| Preoperational | Ages 2-7. Uses language to represent objects. Classifying objects by one feature |
| Concrete Operational | Ages 7-12. Starts thinking logically about concrete objects |
| Formal Operational | Ages 12 and up. Can think logically about abstract propositions |
| Development of language | Phonemes: Basic sounds, Morphemes: Smallest units of sound with meaning Syntax: Rules about how words are combined making sentences |
| Different stages of the development of language | 1. Crying fussing 2. Babbling: sounds that dont have specific meaning 3. One word stage: Dad, Mom, Hi, Milk 4. Telegraphic speech: Two word phrases 5.Overgeneralization |
| Puberty | Physical changes in the body that are part of sexual development. Hormones, height and weight increase rapidly |
| Puberty in females | Starts around age 8. 2ndary sex Characteristics: Fat on stomach, hips and breast. Primary sex Characteristics: mensuration starts |
| Puberty in Males | Starts around age 9. 2ndary sex characteristics: muscles increase, voices drop. Primary sex characteristics: sperm develops |
| Secondary Sex characteristics | Changes in the body that are not directly related to reproduction but show the differences between races. Happens first |
| Primary Sex Characteristics | Changes in the body that result in the development and maturation of sexual organs |
| Erikson's Theory of Human Development | Humans personalities continue to develop past the age of 5 |
| Erikson theory of human development stages ADD IN RESOLUTIONS | 1. Infancy 0-2 Trust vs Mistrust 2. Toddler 2-3 Autonomy vs shame and doubt 3. Preschool 4-6 Initiative vs guilt 4. Childhood 7-12 Industry vs inferiority |
| Erikson theory of human development stages cont. ADD IN RESOLUTIONS | 5. Adolescents 13-19 Identity vs role confusion 6. Adulthood 20s Intimacy vs isolation 7. Middle Adulthood 30s-50s Generativity vs stagnation 8. Old Age 60s and beyond Integrity vs despair |
| Moral development | How we learn to decide between behavior's with competing social outcomes |
| Kohlberg stages (options) of moral personality | Level 1: Pre-conventional: Right and wrong Level 2: Conventional: Social approval Level 3: Post-conventional: Abstract notions of justice (some rules are ment to be broken |
| Heinz Dilemma | Heinz wife is sick, Should he steal medicine. Helps us identify which Kohlberg stage you are at. |
| Assimilation | |
| Accommodation | |
| Phonemes | |
| Morphine's | |
| Syntax | |
| What heppens to the Brian as we age? | Frontal lobe starts to break down |
| Dematia | Damage |
| Alzimers |
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