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Classif. & diag.
AQA A-level psychology schizophrenia (classification and diagnosis) year 13
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Schizophrenia: etymology | Comes from Greek word ‘schizo’ meaning split and ‘phrena’ meaning mind. The split doesn’t refer to personalities but between someone’s perception and reality |
| Psychosis | A severe mental health condition where an individual loses contact with reality |
| Psychotic break | When someone experiences a sudden (sometimes episodic) break from reality leading to erratic and irrational behaviour |
| Recovery statistics: improvement after one episode, improvement after continuous bouts, persisting difficulties | About 25% of sufferers will recover after just 1 episode, 50-65% recover after continuous bouts, 35-50% will have persisting difficulties |
| Positive symptoms | Additional experiences beyond what would be typically present in a healthy individual |
| Negative symptoms | A decrease or loss of normal functioning, emotions, and behaviours that are typically present in a healthy individual |
| Hallucinations | Positive symptom. Additional sensory experiences caused by stimuli that may not exist. Most commonly hearing voices in their head, especially critical voices |
| Delusions | Positive symptom. Irrational and illogical beliefs, especially paranoia |
| Avolition | Negative symptom. Also called apathy, involves struggling with motivation based activity such as keeping good hygiene, grooming, persistence in work/energy |
| Speech poverty | Negative symptom. Reduced amount and quality of speech as well as delays in verbal responses. Disorganised train of thought. |
| DSM-5 diagnostic requirements | One positive symptom, does NOT include subtypes |
| ICD-11 diagnostic requirements | Two or more negative symptoms, recognises a range of subtypes |
| Why schizophrenia is difficult to diagnose | Wide variety of symptoms, differing combination and severity of symptoms, symptom overlap, subjectivity of reporting, stigma and reluctance to seek help, cultural influence, developmental considerations (adolescent age range), comorbidity, gender bias |
| Inter-rater reliability study Cheniaux et al. (2009) | 100 patients, using both DSM and ICD criteria. Both psychiatrists diagnosed roughly double the number of SZ patients when using ICD rather than DSM criteria. This shows that diagnosing SZ has poor reliability |
| Co-morbidity | When people have two or more illnesses at the same time which affect each other. This reduces validity since 2 conditions can be classified as one |
| Symptom overlap | When the same symptoms appear in more than one condition which also make it hard to tell which condition a patient has |
| Co-morbidity study Buckley et al. (2009) | 50% of patients with schizophrenia have depression, 47% have substance abuse, and 23% have OCD |
| Culture study Escobar | There was a distrust of black patients by white psychiatrists leading to more diagnoses in the black community |
| Gender bias study Longnecker et al. (2010) | Meta-analysis that showed women are less likely to be diagnosed for schizophrenia, potentially because they are able to cope with the condition better or potentially just Androcentrism |
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