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A&P II FINAL
A&P II FINAL Unit 6, 7, 8, 9, 10
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| In the condition of lactose intolerance, the person develops problems because of the rapid digestion of lactose | FALSE |
| Intrinsic factor is secreted by which cells of the gastric glands? | PARIETAL CELLS |
| Which organ produces and secretes bile? | LIVER |
| Which area has the greatest amount of enzyme activity? | DUODENUM |
| The _____ nervous system division usually stimulates and promotes digestion. | PARASYMPATHETIC |
| The enzyme salivary amylase begins to digest which molecules? | CARBOHYDRATES |
| Which term does not belong with the others? | ESOPHAGUS |
| The purpose of the soft palate is to_____. | Close off the nasal cavity during swallowing |
| A disorder characterized by self-induced aversion to food(loss of appetite) is: | ANOREXIA |
| The hormone that causes the pancreas to secrete an enzyme rich fluid is | CHOLECYSTOKININ |
| Urea is synthesized by the liver following ____ metabolism. | PROTEIN |
| Which gland is closest to the joint between the mandible and temporal bone? | PAROTID |
| The liver has the ability to convert carbohydrates into amino acids. | FALSE |
| Which of these does not increase surface area for absorption in the small intestine? | RUGAE |
| What is the primary purpose of the liver in aiding digestion? | produces bile to emulsify fats in the small intestine |
| The Kupffer cells are phagocytic cells found in the___. | LIVER |
| All of the following are parts of the tooth except: | DUCT |
| The shortest section of the intestines is the____. | DUODENUM |
| Which salivary glands produce the msot viscous saliva? | SUBLINGUAL GLANDS |
| Bile contains a lipase enzyme | FALSE |
| A hiatal hernia is a weakness in the _____ muscle, which allows a portion of the digestive tract to enter the thoracic cavity. | DIAPHRAGM |
| Biliverdin is found in bile | TRUE |
| Another term for swallowing is | DEGLUTITION |
| Bile slts combine with fatty acids to form complexes called___ that facilitates absorption. | MICELLES |
| The plicae circularies are found in the stomach | FALSE |
| What hormone does the small intestine release in response to acidic chyme? | SECRETIN |
| The descending colon usually lies on the left abdominal wall area | TRUE |
| The ____ prevents food from entering the small intestine. | PYLORIC VALVE |
| Which gastrointestinal layer is characterized by having tough, fibrous connective tissue? | SEROSA |
| The ileocecal valve prevents chyme from entering the____. | LARGE INTESTINE |
| The esophagus passes through an opening in the diaphragm called the_____. | ESOPHAGEAL HIATUS |
| Which of these does not belong with the ithers? | LIPASE |
| The external anal sphincter is under voluntary control | TRUE |
| The deciduous dentition consists of 24 teeth. | FALSE |
| The teeth are best adapted for biting off relatively large pieces of food are: | INCISORS |
| Which salivary gland secretes saliva that aids in digestion of carbohydrates? | PAROTID |
| What is the primary function of the large intestine? | TO COMPACT, STORE, AND ELIMINATE FECES |
| Gastrin secretion will stop when the stomach pH reaches_____ | 1.5 |
| Which of the following is not a function of the adult liver? | ERYTHROPOIESIS |
| There are normally 2 common hepatic ducts from the liver. | FALSE |
| Compared to the others listed below, which type of tooth is more likely to be involved in grinding food? | MOLAR |
| Fatty acids and glycerol are released when___ are broken down by the liver or muscle cells. | CHYLOMICRONS |
| The gallbladder stores and concentrates bile. | TRUE |
| The membrane that hangs like an apron over the intestines is the ____. | GREATER OMENTUM |
| Stensens duct conveys saliva from the submandibular gland into the oral cavity. | FALSE |
| The common hepatic and ___ ducts merge to form the common bile duct. | CYSTIC |
| Which lymphatic areas are most commonly the site of inflammation? | PALATINE TONSILS |
| What is the stimulus for cholecystokinin release? | LIPIDS |
| Where are the lacteals located? | SMALL INTESTINE |
| Most of the absorption of nutrients occurs in the ___. | JEJUNUM |
| Secretin from the duodenum causes the pancreas to produce secretions rich in___. | BICARBONATE |
| The cecum is located at the inferior end of the descending colon. | FALSE |
| Inflammation of the gallbladder is: | CHOLECYSTITIS |
| The gallbladder is connected to the Common Bile Duct by the Hepatic Duct. | FALSE |
| What normally holds the intestines in position within the abdominal cavity? | MESENTERY |
| The falciform ligament seperates the right lobe from the ___ lobe. | LEFT |
| The ___ PArt of the stomach is the portion that is connected to the esophagus. | CARDIAC |
| Which vitamin is mainly formed by Escherichia coli? | K |
| The term wisdom tooth refers to the ___ tooth. | THIRD MOLAR |
| Dysentery is a severe form of gastro-intestinal disturbance. | TRUE |
| The so-called wisdom teeth are actually the four last molars. | TRUE |
| The defecation reflex, aids, defection and can also potentiate a heart attack. | TRUE |
| Which of the following triggers the formation of the others? | ENTEROKINASE |
| Gastric intrinsic factor is essential for the absorption of vitamin B12 | TRUE |
| A viral disease of the salivary glands is | MUMPS |
| The process by which bile causes the breakdown of fat globules into smaller droplets is | EMULSIFICATION |
| The correct sequence for the layers within the wall of the alimentary canal from inside to outside is | mucous membrane, submucosa, muscular layer, serous layer |
| The ____ cells secrete gastric enzyme | CHIEF |
| The sphincter muscle located between the small intestine and the large intestine is the ____ sphincter. | ILEOCECAL |
| The portion of the tooth above the gum is the ___. | CROWN |
| How are the components of fats absorbed in the small intestine? | Components of lipids diffuse through small intestinal cell membranes, are reconstructed in the cells, then carried off by lacteals as chylomicrons |
| The band of smooth muscle that cause the colon to pucker are called the | TEANIA COLI |
| The processes of chewing are referred to as | MASTICATION |
| The finger like extensions inside the small intestines are called ____ and increase the surface area.. | VILLI |
| Peristalsis ends in the esophagus | FALSE |
| What mouth part helps to mix with saliva, moves food toward the pharynx for swallowing and houses taste receptor cells? | TONGUE |
| The area called the vermiform appendix serves no digestive function in humans | TRUE |
| Which of the following are not active in the duodenum? | PEPSIN |
| Secretion is a function of the digestive system | TRUE |
| Hemorrhoids are varicose veins of the anal canal | TRUE |
| The portal veins drain blood from the liver and convey it to the inferior vena cava | FALSE |
| Which of the following statements about the function of saliva is not true? | It initiates the chemical digestion of proteins |
| Which of the following has a digestive function? | BILE SALTS |
| The ____ are lymph vessels that project into the villi and absorb fatty substances | LACTEALS |
| During swallowing the soft palate is moved upward and the epiglottis is tilted downward | TRUE |
| The alimentary tube is around ___ meters long. | 9 |
| Which muscle constrict to prevent air from entering the esophagus during breathing? | INFERIOR CONSTRICTOR |
| The buildup of bile pigment in tissues that can be caused by gallstones is | OBSTRUCTIVE JAUNDICE |
| Which of the following vitamins is not stored in the liver? | C |
| The cartilaginous structure at the base of the tongue that helps to prevent food and liquid from entering the trachea during swallowing is the____. | EPIGLOTTIS |
| What does the pancreatic duct directly join to? | DUODENUM |
| Peristalsis occurs in the digestive tract | From the pharynx to the anus |
| Amylase could be found in all of these areas except which one? | STOMACH |
| Which of these is a hormone name? | CHOLECSTOKININ |
| Activities of the digestive system are fenerally increased by ____ nervous stimulation. | PARASYMPATHETIC |
| The pancreas secretes enzymes that enter the small intestine and chemically digest chyme.Choose the enzyme that breaks down fats. | PANCREATIC LIPASE |
| The main part of the stomach is the___ of the stomach. | BODY |
| What initiates the swallowing reflex? | Sensory receptors detecting the bolus in the pharynx |
| Acute pancreatitis may be the result of | all of the above may contribute to the development of pancreatitis |
| Where does the greatest amount of digestion occur? | SMALL INTESTINE |
| Diverticulosis is an inflammation of the diverticuli | FALSE |
| During which stage of gastric secretion do gastric glands actually begin secreting gastric juice? | CEPHALIC PHASE |
| The ____ is the membrane that anchors the tongue to the floor of the mouth. | FRENULUM |
| The pyloric sphincter acts to prevent food from leaving the small intestine. | FALSE |
| The enterogastric reflex normally inhibits the further contraction of the stomach as the duodenum fills. | TRUE |
| The root canal of a tooth contains | BLOOD VESSELS |
| Gallbladder stones are medically referred to as a ___ condition. | CHOLELITHIASIS |
| Cystic fibrosis is an inherited disease that affects digestion as well as respiration | TRUE |
| The portion of the tooth which lies within the mandible socket is called the | ROOT |
| Ferritin is a globular protein that transports and stores ____ in the liver and blood. | IRON |
| The liver contains special blood channels termed____. | SINUSOIDS |
| The pancreas secretes amylase | TRUE |
| Inflammation of the liver is: | HEPATITIS |
| Hepatitis can be caused by viruses such as hepatitis A which can be transmitted by contaminated food. | TRUE |
| Bile facilitates digestion by causing the ___ of fats. | EMULSIFICATION |
| Which intestinal layer accounts for the action of the peristaltic waves? | MUSCULARIS |
| The digestive system functins to provide cells with proper amounts of proteins, carbohydrates or fats. | FALSE |
| Emetics cause the vomiting center in the hypothalamus to propel food by contracting stomach muscles. | FALSE |
| The liver functions to: | All the preceding |
| The mucous cells of the salivary glands secrete amylase which facilitates digestion of starches. | FALSE |
| The liver stores___ for energy. | GLYCOGEN |
| Acute pancreatitis is mainly the result of ____ activity. | TRYPSINOGEN |
| The outer layer of the intestines is the | SEROSA |
| Inflammation of the colon and rectum is | COLITIS |
| Proteins are digested or broken down by the ____ in the stomach. | PEPSIN |
| Which organ has the most metabolically active cells? | LIVER |
| The most common type of hepatitis is hepatitis A | TRUE |
| Which of the following acts to inhibit acid production? | SOMATOSTATIN |
| The following are true of the tongue except which one? | Attaches to the temporal bone |
| What blocks pancreatic secretions from entering the duodenum? | Sphincter of Oddi |
| The ___ duct directly receives the fluids from the gallbladder. | CYSTIC |
| The hormone that stimulates the release of bile form the gallbladder is | CHOLECYSTOKININ |
| Without a gallbladder a person will definitely develop vitamin and lipid deficiencies because of the lack of bile. | FALSE |
| Where would the least amount of bacteria be found? | STOMACH |
| The alkaline tide occurs when ____ is excreted into the urine. | BICARBONATE IONS |
| The surface area of the stomach is enhanced by the presence of folds called____. | RUGAE |
| The process of Gluconeogenesis involves | The conversion of fats to glucose |
| The ampulla of vater is the area that joins the common bile duct to the ____ duct. | PANCREATIC |
| Type B hepatitis is more serious than type A. | TRUE |
| To which structure is the appendix attached? | CECUM |
| Intrinsic factor is secreted by the | STOMACH |
| The ____ canal is the tube like passageway through which food actually passes. | ALIMENTARY |
| Pepsinogen is an active form of the enzyme pepsin | FALSE |
| Which of these is a water soluble vitamin? | C |
| Intrinsic factor is necessary for the normal absorption of: | B-12 |
| The visceral peritoneum is a membrane which wraps around the outer layer of the intestines | TRUE |
| Inflammation of the peridontal ligament and adjacent gums is called pyorrhea. | TRUE |
| Where are the palatine tonsils located? | PHARYNX |
| After much debate what has been described as being a leading cause of peptic ulcers and gastritis? | A bacterial infection caused by Helicobacter pylori |
| Proteins are split by all of the following pancreatic factors except which one? | ZYMOGEN |
| The ____ layer of the alimentary canal contains loose connective tissue, glands, blood and lymphatic vessels and nerves. | SUBMUCOSA |
| Which of the following is not readily absorbed in the small intestine? | Mg++ |
| Aphagia is difficulty swallowing | FALSE |
| Bile contains cholesterol | TRUE |
| The following areas contain tonsils except which one? | Around the frenulum |
| Alcohol is absorbed in the stomach | TRUE |
| The pancreas does not secrete any enzymes to assist in lipid digestion | FALSE |
| How many teeth will be produced in an average lifetime? | 52 |
| The frenulum is the membrane attached to the inferior surface of the | TONGUE |
| The microvilli are found on the cells of villi | TRUE |
| Parasympathetic stomach impulses cause all of the following except which one? | Secretion of somatostatin |
| Which of the following statements about the function of the liver is not true? | It concentrates bile |
| The mucosa is avascular | TRUE |
| Which is the only area that can digest a double sugar? | DUODENUM |
| Chylomicrons are lipoproteins aggregates that are absorbed into the intestinal villi | False |
| The following belong together except which one? | LARGE INTESTINE |
| A peristaltic rush which results in a failure to absorb enough colon water resluts in___. | DIARRHEA |
| Proctitis is inflammation of the rectum and anus. | TRUE |
| Which part of the tooth most closely resembles bone tissue? | DENTIN |
| Hemolytic jaundice is a disease involving an excess production of erythrocytes. | FALSE |
| Which reflex involves a spasmodic contraction of the diaphragm? | HICCUP |
| The cartilaginous structure at the base of the tongue that helps to prevent food and liquid from entering the trachea during swallowing is the epiglottis. | TRUE |
| Asthma affects expiration more than inhalation | TRUE |
| The carina separates the ____ from each other | PRIMARY BRONCHI |
| The respiratory membrane is the simple squamous epithelium of the alveoli | FALSE |
| The pharynx is an enlargement at the top of the trachea that houses the vocal cords | FALSE |
| Ordinary air is about 21% oxygen and 78% nitrogen | TRUE |
| The amount of air that enters or leaves the lungs during a normal respiratory cycle is the | TIDAL VOLUME |
| Breathing is mainly controlled by | MEDULLA OBLONGATA AND PONS |
| What is the anatomical term for the throat? | PHARYNX |
| The release of oxygen by hemoglobin for use in body tissues is dependent upon which of the following? | LOW OXYGEN CONCENTRATION OF THE BODY TISSUE |
| What is the partial pressure of atmospheric oxygen? | 160 mmHg |
| Which of the following is part of the upper respiratory tract? | PHARYNX |
| Rhinitis is an inflammation of the sinusese | FALSE |
| The basic rhythm of breathing is controlled by which portion of the brain? | Dorsal respiratory group of the medullary rhythmicity center |
| The respiratory membrane across which gases diffuse is very thin and is made up of ____ | Alveolar cell membrane, capillary membrane, and fused basement membranes |
| The most important factor that allows the blood to carry carbon dioxide in high amounts is ____ | CARBONIC ANHYDRASE |
| What is the first structure in this respiratory sequence? | PHARYNX |
| The exchange of gases between the lungs and lung capillaries is called | EXTERNAL RESPIRATION |
| Most of the oxygen in the blood is found in the___ | HEMOGLOBIN |
| Cancer that originates in the lungs is most likely to develop from | EPITHELIAL CELLS |
| The respiratory membrane is comprised of the two layers of the alveoli | FALSE |
| What are the most powerful stimuli for breathing? | Low pH, high CO2 |
| Where are the pharyngeal tonsils located? | NASOPHARYNX |
| Where is the highest amount of carbon dioxide found? | The arteries entering the lung |
| The amount of air that enters the lungs during normal, restful breathing is called the____ | TIDAL AIR VOLUME |
| The only structure that allow gas diffusion aross them are the | ALVEOLI |
| The condition characterized by difficulty breathing due to an allergic response is _____ | BRONCHIAL ASTHMA |
| The conchae create the ___ | MEATUSES |
| The vital capacity include: | Tidal volume, expiratory reserve volume, inspiratory reserve volume |
| Even after the most forceful exhalation a certain volume of air remains in the lungs. This volume is called the _____ | RESIDUAL VOLUME |
| The force that causes air to move into the lungs during inspiration is supplied by | ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE |
| The primary muscle of respiration is the | DIAPHRAGM |
| Laryngitis is a potentially dangerous condition because it may cause | OBSTRUCTION OF THE AIRWAY |
| When swallowing the soft palate would have to move downward in order to prevent food from entering the lungs | FALSE |
| The smooth muscle within the vocal cords allows them to change their tension for vocalization | FALSE |
| Carbon monoxide bonds to hemoglobin more effectively than does oxygen | TRUE |
| C shaped pieces of cartilage are found within the | TRACHEA |
| The glottis is the opening between the vocal chords | TRUE |
| Changes in the structure of the respiratory tube as the branches become thinner include the | Epithelial lining changes from pseudo stratified ciliated columnar to cuboidal and simple squamous |
| Non-respiratory movements are most easily triggered by stimuli in which of these areas? | LARYNX |
| The walls of the alveoli are composed of | Simple squamous epithelium |
| At high altitudes it is difficult to breath because the air has a lower percent of oxygen | FALSE |
| Which mechanism prevents over inflation of the lungs? | Hering Breuer reflex |
| Which of the following proteins is the most important physiologically in the transport of carbon dioxide by blood? | CARBONIC ANHYDRASE |
| The enzyme carbonic anhydrase causes | Carbon dioxide to react with water |
| Continued hypo ventilation results in an increase in CO2 concentration | TRUE |
| The percentage in ordinary air is about | 0.04% |
| Bronchial asthma is a condition caused by | An allergy |
| Which of these has highest affinity for hemoglobin? | CO |
| The space between the two lungs is called the | MEDIASTINUM |
| The greatest amount of carbon dioxide transported in the blood is in the form of dissolved carbon dioxide | FALSE |
| The alveoli exchange gases between the air and the capillaries within them | FALSE |
| Respiratory distress syndrome in an infant results from an inability to breathe because of excess surfactant production in the aveoli by type I | FALSE |
| This muscle can cause a forced exhalation | INTERNAL INTERCOSTAL |
| Gas is exchanged in the aveoli by a process of ____ | SIMPLE DIFFUSION |
| What prevents the alveoli from collapsing during exhalation? | SURFACTANTS |
| Which of the following is (are) a function of the mucus-covered nasal passages? | All of the above |
| Emphysema is characterized by an increase in | None of the above |
| Carbon dioxide is sometimes added to the air that a patient breathes in order to | Increase the rate and depth of breathing |
| During the act of swallowing the epiglottis moves upward and the glottis appears as a triangular slit | FALSE |
| The intensity of a vocal sound is a result of the | Force of air passing over the vocal cords |
| The main function of the pleural membranes is to ____ | REDUCE FRICTION |
| The effects of carbon dioxide and hydrogen ions on the respiratory center are similar because | Carbon dioxide combines with water to form carbonic acid |
| Microorganisms removed from incoming air by sticky mucus are most liekly to be destroyed by | The digestive action of gastric juice |
| During maximal expiration the lungs can be completely emptied of air | FALSE |
| Which of the following is true as a result of the dead air space of the respiratory tract? | Air exchange is more complete |
| What is the normal pO2 of the alveolar air? | 104 mmHg |
| The interlobular bronchioles enter the ___ of the lungs | LOBULES |
| The mucous membrane lining the nasal cavity functions to | All of the above |
| The unit of the respiratory system most directly involved in external respiration is the | ALVEOLUS |
| The choreceptors in the carotid and aortic bodies are most sensitive to changes in blood | OXYGEN CONCENTRATION |
| The epiglottis is part of the ____ and covers the glottis | LARYNX |
| The condition characterized by alveolar fibrosis with difficulty exhaling is | EMPHYSEMA |
| If a flashlight is placed just below the eyebrow in a darkened room it may be possible to illuminate the | FRONTAL SINUS |
| The layer of serous membrane that is firmly attached to the surface of a lung is called parietal pleura | FALSE |
| The relative amount of smooth muscle is highest in the | bronchioles |
| The trachea contains rings of cartilage that surround the windpipe to keep it rigid | TRUE |
| The trachea is about 15 inches long | FALSE |
| The utilization of oxygen by metabolic processes is correctly referred to as | Cell respiration |
| The pharynx functions as a ____. Whereas the larynx functions as a | Common passageway for air and food;passageway for air only |
| The movement of air in and out of the lungs is correctly referred to as_____ | Ventilation |
| The tissue that prevents food from entering the lungs is the | EPIGLOTTIS |
| Atmospheric pressure is around______ mmHg | 760 |
| Which principle normally prevents the alveoli from collapsing during expiration? | SECRETION OF SURFACTANT |
| Pleurisy result from an accumulation of fluid in the | PLEURAL CAVITY |
| The tissue lining the alveoli is ___epithelium | SIMPLE SQUAMOUS |
| How many alveoli are there in an average adult lung? | 300,000,000 |
| The main force causing the exhalation of air is the____ | ELASTIC RECOIL |
| Which of the following does not contain a sinus? | ZYGOMATIC BONE |
| Oxygen is carried in the blood in the form of bicarbonate ions and is bound to hemoglobin | FALSE |
| The most sensitive areas os the air passages are located in the | LARYNX and BRONCHI |
| Which of these functions cannot be attributed to the mucous membrane that line the nasal cavity? | Initial gas exchange between air and blood occurs here |
| The procedure used to directly examine the trachea and bronchial tree is called | BRONCHOSCOPY |
| Which of the following factors favors a release of oxygen form hemoglobin? | DECREASED pH |
| During moderate physical exercise blood concentrations of | Oxygen and carbon dioxide remain nearly unchanged |
| The walls of the alveoli are composed of | SIMPLE SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM |
| A significant factor in maintaining the normal pH of body fluids is the loss of which gas during external respiration? | CO2 |
| The functional (terminal) unit of the respiratory system is the | ALVEOLI |
| During inspiration the diaphragm moves upward while thorax expands and moves outward | FALSE |
| Thin walled outpouchings of the alveolar ducts of the lings are the | ALVEOLAR SACS |
| Increasing blood concentrations of carbon dioxide thereby resulting in an increase in hydrogen ions | |
| The left lung is larger than the right lung and is divided into three lobes | FALSE |
| Which part of the respiratory tree has the greatest relative percentage of smooth muscle fibers? | BRONCHIOLES |
| Decreasing blood oxygen and increasing carbon dioxide causes the major increases seen in breathing rate during strenuous exercise | FALSE |
| The ____ cartilage marks the lowermost portion of the larynx | CRICOID |
| The pectralis minors and the sternocleidomastoid are useful in aiding forced expiration | FALSE |
| What is the entrance into the lungs called? | HILUS |
| The respiratory system functions in pH balance | TRUE |
| The main purpose for cellular oxygen is to provide a means of producing most of the cell energy | TRUE |
| They thyroid cartilage is the largest cartilage of the larynx | TRUE |
| A sudden contraction of a diaphragm while the glottis is closed produces a sneeze | FALSE |
| The condition in which air enters the pleural cavity is called | PNEUMOTHORAX |
| Which of the following factors favors an increase in breathing rate? | Increased blood carbon dioxide |
| The true vocal cords are those that produce the sounds of the human voice. Where are these located? | Inferior to the false vocal cords |
| Within the bronchial tree which tubes are small branches that enter the lobules of the lungs? | INTRALOBULAR BRONCHIOLES |
| The maximum amount of air a person can exhale after taking the deepest breath possible is the ____ | VITAL CAPACITY |
| ARDS is a condition of lung collapse or atelectasis in a newborn | FALSE |
| Carbon monoxide is toxic because it attacks and destroys the respiratory center in the brain | FALSE |
| The area directly superior to the soft palate is the | NASOPHARYNX |
| Within the blood oxygen is primarily transported____ while the bulk of carbon dioxide is transported____ | As oxyhemoglobin; as bicarbonate ions |
| The true vocal cords move because they are attached to the ____ cartilage | CORNICULATE |
| Where is most carbon dioxide transported? | As the bicarbonate ion |
| The force of exhalation is primarily due to____ | Elastic recoil of thoracic muscles |
| The amount of oxygen released from oxyhemoglobin increases when | carbon dioxide concentration increases |
| MOst CO2 is carried as CO2 dissolved in the plasma | FALSE |
| Which is the most common cause of hyperventilation? | ANXIETY |
| Of the respiratory air volumes listed which one has the largest volume? | VITAL CAPACITY |
| Which sinus are not paranasal sinuses? | MASTOID |
| A pneumothorax occurs when the thoracic pleural pressure_____ compared to the atmospheric pressure | IS EQUAL TO |
| The trachea can be described as | All the above |
| What is the opening to the larynx called? | GLOTTIS |
| Which condition is characterized by inflammation and infection involving the alveoli? | PNEUMONIA |
| Which is the most abundant gas in the atmosphere? | NITROGEN |
| The lipoprotein known as _____ reduces surface tension within the alveoli so they do not collapse during exhalation | SURFACTANT |
| Which of the following is not found in the pharynx? | VOCAL CORDS |
| The right lung is composed of ____lobes; the left lung is composed of ____lobes | Superior, middle and inferior; superior and inferior |
| Which of these is not a chronic obstructive pulmonary disease? | LUNG CANCER |
| At high pO2 levels, where is most oxygen located? | OXYHEMOGLOBIN |
| Which area exerts its effect on the primary breathing control areas? | Pneumotaxic area of pons |
| The exchange of gases between the blood and the cells of the body is called | Internal respiration |
| Which of the following statements about the C-shaped rings of cartilage of the trachea is incorrect? | They form a complete circle in the trachea |
| The respiratory tree contain a ciliated mucous lining that helps remove foreign particles from them | TRUE |
| The temporary absence of breathing is called | APNEA |
| The glottis is the opening between the vocal cords | TRUE |
| During an asthma attack the patient usually finds it most difficult to | EXHALE |
| The first event in inspiration is | The diaphragm moves downward and the external intercostal muscles contract |
| The force that causes air to move into the lungs during inspiration is supplied by | Atmospheric pressure |
| The PO2 in the pulmonary veins is less than the PO2 in the alveolar air | TRUE |
| Which of the following bones does not posses sinuses? | ZYGOMATIC |
| The portion of the respiratory center that is responsible for the basic rhythm pattern of breathing is the | DORSAL RESPIRATORY GROUP |
| Which of the following is (are) a function of the mucous covered nasal passages? | All of the proceeding |
| Where are the palatine tonsils located? | OROPHARYNX |
| The chemo receptors in the aortic and carotid bodies are very sensitive to fluctuations in the levels of blood | FALSE |
| What is the normal pCO2 of the capillary blood? | 45 mmHg |
| Most carbon dioxide is carried through the blood in the form of carboxyhemoglobin | FALSE |
| The condition of newborns called respiratory distress syndrome is caused by a | LACK OF SURFACTANT |
| Whether oxygen diffuses from the alveoli into the blood or not is dependent upon______ | The partial pressure of oxygen in the lungs to expand or collapse |
| What is the Adam's apple directly part of? | Thyroid cartilage |
| The primary force responsible for air moving into the lungs during inhalation is | ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE |
| Most of the respiratory passage surface is lined with_____ | PSEUDOSTRATIFIED COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM |
| All of the following are organs of the respiratory system except the | ESOPHAGUS |
| Which of these is the sum of the other three? | VITAL CAPACITY |
| The amount of air that enters or leaves the lungs during a normal respiratory cycle | TIDAL VOLUME |
| The exchange of gases between the atmosphere and the blood occurs in the | LUNGS |
| Which structures play the greatest role in warming and humidifying air? | CONCHAE |
| The total amount of air that cannot be exchanged is termed the____ | Physiologic dead space |
| Carbon dioxide and oxygen compete for binding sites with the heoglobin | FALSE |
| The respiratory membrane consists of | Two thickness of epithelial cells and basement membranes |
| Respiratory alkalosis is caused by | Removal of too uch CO2 |
| When the diaphragm contracts the pressure within the thoracic cavity decreases | TRUE |
| Which reflex is caused by local alveolar decreases in oxygen content? | YAWN |
| The respiratory center is located in the medulla oblongata and the hypothalamus of the brain stem | FALSE |
| The organs of the upper respiratory tract are located outside the thorax | TRUE |
| Which of these laryngeal cartilages occurs singly rather that in pairs? | CRICOID |
| Which of the following does not stimulate the medullary breathing center chemo-sensitive neurons? | LOW BLOOD OXYGEN |
| Hyperventilation causes its symptoms mainly because it results in respiratory acidosis | FALSE |
| Hyperventilation is most likely to be accompanied by a(n) | Decrease in blood CO2 concentration and a rise in pH |
| The force responsible for normal expiration is supplied by the | Elastic recoil of tissues and surface tension |
| In order to maintain homeostasis chloride ions move in as bicarbonate moves out of the erythrocyte | TRUE |
| The amount of air that cannot be expelled is the | RESIDUAL VOLUME |
| The pitch of a vocal sound is controlled by changing the | TENSION ON THE VOCAL CORD |
| Which of the following is not a property of the mucous lining of the respiratory tract? | CONTAINS MICROVILLI |
| The pleural cavity is the space between the lung and____ | PARIETAL PLEURA |
| Which of the following air volumes cannot be measured using simple spirometer? | RESIDUAL VOLUME |
| The functional gas exchanging units termed____ | ALVEOLI |
| The olfactory nerves pass through openings in the | CRIBIFORM PLATE |
| The pitch of a vocal sound controlled by changing the _____ | Tension of the vocal cords |
| During inspiration the intra-alveolar pressure reaches_____ | 758 mmHg |
| The intensity (volume) of a vocal sound is a result of the | Force of air passing over the vocal cords |
| Of the respiratory air volumes listed which one has the largest volume? | VITAL CAPACITY |
| The alveoli are filled with pleural fluid | FALSE |
| The visceral and parietal pleural membranes are normally held together by | Surface tension |
| There are____ secondary bronchi? | 5 |
| Aphagia is difficulty swallowing | false |
| The firs event in expiration is | The diaphragm and external respiratory muscles relax |
| Which passageway serves as a common route for food or air? | OROPHARYNX |
| The vocal cords are located within the | LARYNX |
| The inflation reflex is activated when stretch receptors are stimulated during inspiration | TRUE |
| The function of the countercurrent multiplier is to_____ | Increase the concentration of NaCl |
| Which of these could appear in the urine from dieting or the utilization of excess lipids? | KETONE |
| Enuresis | UNCONTROLLED URINATION |
| The mucosa of the bladder is comprised of____ | Transitional epithelium |
| The outermost structure of a kidney is the | CAPSULE |
| Whcih blood vessels surround the loop of Henle? | VASA RECTA |
| The internal urethral sphincter is under, involuntary control | TRUE |
| The reason that most persons only have trace amounts of albumin in the urine is that most of it is returned to the blood by reabsorption | FALSE |
| Tubular reabsorption occurs from the nephron tubles into the _____ | Peritubular capillaries |
| Aldosterone causes the retention of Na+ and water and the wasting of____ | POTASSIUM |
| This is the correct term for a "floating kidney"______ | Nephroptosis |
| Which of these has the highest concentration in the urine? | Sodium |
| Which of the following is not considered a function of the kidneys? | Formation of plasma proteins |
| Which force favors filtration?Glomerular capillary hydrostatic pressure | |
| The location of the kidneys can be best described as____ | Retroperitoneal |
| Persons with spinal cord damage in the lumbar area will no longer have voluntary control over urination | TRUE |
| The epithelial cells of the proximal convoluted tubule are adapted for reabsorption by | Having microscopic projections called microvilli |
| An increase in glomerular hydrostatic pressure will result in ____ the rate of glomerular filtration | An increase in |
| Each minor calyx receives urine from the____ | Renal papillae |
| The triangular area on the internal floor of the urinary bladder comprise the_____ | TRIGONE |
| Where are most microvilli found? | Proximal convoluted tubule |
| The average glomerular filtration rate is____ ml/ minute | 125 |
| The glomerular capsule is composed of two layers of squamous epithelial cells | TRUE |
| Which factor does not affect glomerular filtration rate? | Concentration of leukocytes in the blood |
| Given 500 ml glomerular filtrate approximately how much will ultimately be excreted as urine? | 5 ml |
| Which of the following is not associated with the glomerulus? | Minor calyx |
| Kidney stones are least likely to be composed of | Cholesterol |
| Which of the following is not normally found in the glomerular filtrate? | Protein |
| Water will move from a hypotonic to a hypertonic area by osmosis | TRUE |
| Uric acid results from the metabolism of____ | Nucleic acids |
| The functional unit of the kidney is the | Nephron |
| Which structure is the first to collect the urine? | Calyx |
| ADH is produced by cells within the_____ | Hypothalamus |
| There are about one million nephrons in each kidney | TRUE |
| An increase in the level of blood urea usually indicates renal dysfunction | TRUE |
| As a consequence of widespread edema blood volume | Decreases and blood pressure drops |
| Glomerular pressure is due to a characteristic of the afferent arteriole. The afferent arteriole: | Has a larger diameter |
| The countercurrent mechanism functions primarily in the | Nephron loop |
| The composition of glomerular filtrate compares to that of plasma by containing | The same substances as plasma except for larger protein molecules |
| Albuminuria | The presence of (a protein) in the urine |
| Which blood vessel conveys blood out of the glomerulus? | Efferent arteriole |
| ADH | Water retaining hormone |
| Where does ADH have its greatest effect? | Distal convoluted tubule |
| Higher blood pressure resulting from vigorous exercise could release high amounts of____ | Albumin |
| ____is an enzyme that is released when the blood pressure drops. | Renin |
| The membranous urethra is the portion found in males as well as females | TRUE |
| Which of these is not usually secreted by the kidneys? | Creatine |
| Filtration rate in the glomerulus is increased by | Both vasodilation of the afferent ateriole and vasoconstriction of the efferent arteriole |
| Which of the following is not part of the male urethra? | Glandular urethra |
| Which of the following is correct concerning the location of the kidneys? | They are located behind the peritoneum |
| Infants have a greater probability of dehydrating than adults | True |
| How much of the cardiac output passes through the kidneys? | 25% |
| What is the function of the renal system? | All of these |
| A renal corpuscle is a ____, whereas a renal tubule is a_____ | Tangled cluster of blood capillaries;highly coiled tubule that leads away from the glomerular capsule |
| PAH is a plasma clearance test that can be used to assess plasma flow through the kidneys | TRUE |
| Cystitis could spread from the bladder to the kidneys through the urethra | FALSE |
| The secretions of H+ and reabsorption of the bicarbonate anions are important pH regulating mechanisms of the kidney | TRUE |
| The largest quantity of hydrogen ions is secreted | Actively from the distal convoluted tubule |
| The transport of urine from the renal pelvis into the bladder is a function of the | Ureter |
| During a kidney transplant procedure the renal artery and vein of the donor kidney are connected to the recipients | Iliac artery and vein |
| What is the main factor does not promote bladder infections in the female? | Dietary factors |
| The triangular area formed by the entrances of the ureters and the exit of the urethra is called the___ | Trigone |
| Water reabsorption occurs throughout the length of the renal tubule by the process of___ | Osmosis |
| Which process is most affected by blood pressure? | Glomerular filtration |
| In which of the following portions of the nephron is water actively transported? | None of the above |
| Micturation is under this type of control | Both A and B |
| What is the purpose of the countercurrent mechanism in the nephron? | It creates a highly concentrated interstitial fluid so that urine can be concentrated by the collecting ducts when they are permeable to water |
| The entrance into the kidney is called the___ | Hilum |
| Conscious control of micturation involves inhibiting the micturation reflex by using nerve centers in the | Brain stem and cerebral cortex |
| The action of aldosterone is to increase | Sodium reabsorption |
| Inulin and para-aminohppuric acid (PAH) can be used to determine glomerular filtration rate and the rate of blood flow through the kidneys | TRUE |
| An increase in sodium reabsorption increases water reabsorption | TRUE |
| The structure which receives the filtrate from the glomerulus is the | Bowman capsule |
| High blood pressure is inversly proportional to the rate of urine formation | FALSE |
| Tubular reabsorption is responsible for retaining nutrients the body requires. Most tubular reabsorption occurs in the ____ where microvilli and their numerous carrier proteins increase the surface area available for reabsorption | Proximal convoluted tubule |
| Sympathetic nerve impulses usually cause proportional degrees of vasodilation in the afferent arterioles | FALSE |
| Which best describes the main function of the urinary system | To help keep the body in homeostasis by controlling the amount and composition of the blood |
| The ureter directly receives urine from the___of the kidney | Pelvis |
| The renal medulla is composed of___ whereas the renal cortex is composed of____ | Renal pyramids; granular tissue composed of nephron tubules |
| ____ acts on the distal convoluted tubules and collecting ducts of the kidneys and causes them to increase their reabsorption of sodium. | Aldosterone |
| Which of these does not operate under a renal threshold mechanism? | Water |
| Which of these is not a function of the kidneys? | The kidneys deactivate vitamin D |
| The appearance of glycosuria indicates that the renal plasma threshold has been exceeded | TRUE |
| The juxtaglomerular apparatus consists of the juxtaglomerular cells and the cells of the____. | Macula densa |
| Whenever the plasma glucose concentration exceeds the renal plasma threshold | Glucose will appear in the urine |
| Whenever sodium ions are reabsorbed through the wall of the renal tubule by active transport chloride ions are | Reabsorbed by passive transport |
| When the concentration of water in body fluids increases the secretion of ADH increases | FALSE |
| Within the renal tubule two hormones play a role in determining the final volume and sodium concentration of the urine. The hormone ____ regulates sodium reabsorption while ___ regulates water reabsorption | Aldosterone; antidiuretic hormone (ADH) |
| Which of the following is an abnormal constituent of urine? | None of the above |
| A decrease in the glomerular hydrostatic pressure of the glomerular capsule will result in ___ the rate of glomerular filtration | A decrease in |
| About 50% of urea is absorbed from filtrate by diffusion whereas uric acid is absorbed by active transport | TRUE |
| The renal pyramids are located within the | Medulla |
| Choose the statement that does not correctly characterize the kidneys | The right kidney is udually 5 to 2 centimeters higher than the left one |
| Urine formation involves which of the following processes? | Glomerular filtration and tubular reabsorption and tubular secretion |
| What structure is the last in the sequence of urine flow? | Urethra |
| The final branches of the interlobular arteries give rise to the ____ that carry blood to the nephrons | Afferent arterioles |
| The portion of the renal cortex that extends between the renal pyramids form areas called the renal _____. | Renal Column |
| If the arteriole that supplies blood to the glomerulus becomes constricted | The glomerular filtration rate decreases |
| Gout is a disease that causes uric acid crystals to form in joints | TRUE |
| Large amounts of hydrogen ions are secreted between plasma and urine by the nephron loop | FALSE |
| The urinary bladder is located internal to the parietal peritoneum | FALSE |
| An increase in ADH production will tend to make the blood more hypertonic | FALSE |
| ______ is a term referring to inflammation of the urinary bladder | CYSTITIS |
| Which of the following is usually not found in the urine? | GLUCOSE |
| The micturation reflex center is located in the | Sacral segments of the spinal cord |
| PYURIA | Pus in the urine |
| Humanes secrete urine that is ___ to the plasma | Hypertonic |
| The countercurrent multiplier mechanism occurs at the _____ | Loop of Henle |
| Active transport mechanisms have limited transport capacities because the renal tubule is not very permeable to the absorption of molecules | FALSE |
| Which vessel directs blood into the glomerulus? | Afferent ateriole |
| Which of the following indicates the parts of a renal tubule in the correct sequence from begining to end? | Proximal convoluted tubule, descending limb, ascending limb, distal convoluted tubule |
| Excessive sweating will usually cause a person to withold their secretion of ADH | FALSE |
| What causes urine to flow from the kidneys to the bladder? | Peristalisis |
| Which of the following correctly lists the order of structures through which urine flows after its formation in the nephron? | Calyx, renal pelvis, ureter, urinary bladder, urethra |
| Renal calculi are commonly comprised of urea and calcium salt preciitates | FALSE |
| The outer most covering of the kidney is the____ | Capsule |
| As a result of excessively low arterial blood pressure glomerular hydrostatic pressure | Drops and filtration decreases |
| How much urine is formed in 24 hours? | 1.5 Liters |
| The efferent arteriole supplies blood to the capillary of the glomerulus glomerular filtrate has a composition similar to tissue fluid | FALSE |
| Which area actually secretes renin into the blood? | Juxtaglomerular cells |
| OLIGURIA | Small amount of urine produced |
| Eating large amounts of meat will increase the levels of ___ in the blood | UREA |
| The kidneys have the capability of controlling their own blood flow independent of general controls for circulation of organs such as the pancreas | TRUE |
| In the female the urinary bladder lies posterior to the uterus and vagina | FALSE |
| Twenty percent of the blood volume is removed as it passes through the glomerulus. This fluid as it enters the capsular space is termed ____ | Glomerular secretion |
| Proteins of smaller molecular size may be reabsorbed from the glomerular filtrate by the process of _______ | Pinocytosis |
| Which vessels surround a nephron unit in order to reabsorb portions of the glomerular filtrate? | Pertibular capillaries |
| Which muscle metabolism waste product is eliminated by the kidneys? | Creatinine |
| During urine formation some substances move from the plasma in the peritubular capillary into the renal tubule by the process called tubular____ | Secretion |
| The micturation reflex can be voluntarily controlled by the | Cerebral cortex stimulating or inhibiting the external urethral sphincter |
| The urethra transports urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder | FALSE |
| What affect does ADH have on urine output? | Decreases |
| The juxtaglomerular regulates the filtration rate by the____ and by ____ | Vasoconstriction of the afferent ateriole, renin-angiotensin II causing vasoconstriction of the renal artery |
| Vitamin C will appear in the urine when an excess is consumed in the diet or supplements | TRUE |
| The concentrations of substances in the plasma in the glomerular filtrate and in urine differ in what way? | Plasma and glomerular filtrate are virtually identical but urine contains proportionately more waste products |
| Kidney stones are also called | CALCULI |
| If the osmotic pressure of the blood plasma is decreased the glomerular filtration rate is increased | TRUE |
| Aldosterone from the adrenal cortex causes sodium ions to be | Conserved and water to be conserved |
| Urine is forced along the length of the ureter by peristalic waves | TRUE |
| Where does most selective reabsorption occur? | Proximal convoluted tubule |
| Aldosterone | Produced in the adrenal cortex |
| Which of the following occurred by active transport? | Reabsorption of amino acids |
| The openings at the inferior tip of the renal pyramids are called____ | Renal papilla |
| A drug that is an ACE inhibitor will lower blood pressure by inhibiting conversion of angiotensinogen to aniotensin I | FALSE |
| How much sodium is reabsorbed by the proximal segment of the nephron? | 70% |
| Which of the following statements about the functions of the nephron is false? | It produces Aldosterone |
| Reabsorption is carried out by | Active transport and passive transport |
| Infants are more likely to become dehydrated that adults because | Infant kidneys are less able to conserve water |
| Which of these is under voluntary control? | External sphincter |
| An increased production of urine is called | DIURESIS |
| In which area can the term urine be correctly used? | Renal pelvis |
| What enables the urinary bladder to stretch? | Transitional epithelium |
| The capsule hydrostatic pressure is usually higher than the glomerular hydrostatic pressure | FALSE |
| Which of the following correctly describes the countercurrent mechanism of the nephron loop? | Water moves out of the descending limb, sodium moves out of the ascending limb |
| All of the following systems aid in waste elimination except | The reproduction |
| Which ion is reabsorbed in exchange for sodium? | Potassium |
| The glomerular filtrate in the proximal convoluted tubule is isotonic to the plasma of the peritubular capillary | TRUE |
| Which of the following is not a common filtrate component? | Red blood cells |
| Ions such as chloride usually passively follow movement of cations to achieve electrical blance | TRUE |
| During trauma with significant loss of blood the release of renin will be inhibited | FALSE |
| Which section of the nephron follows the ascending limb of the loop of henle? | Distal convoluted tubule |
| The glomerulus most closely resembles an area of capillaries | TRUE |
| ADH functions to increase absorption of water from urine into blood by increasing the permeability of the distal convoluted tubules and collecting ducts | TRUE |
| Which of the following would increase the rate of glomerular filtration? | Increased blood pressure |
| Gout is a condition in which the plasma has an abnormally high concentration of | URIC ACID |
| The presence of excessive uric acid in the blood is called | All of the above |
| A renal corpuscle includes the | Glomerulus and Bowmans capsule |
| 70 % of the glomerular filtrate has been reabsorbed by the time it has passed through this part of the nephron | Proximal convoluted tubule |
| The last part of a nephron is the ____ | Distal convoluted tubule |
| Most tubular reabsorption occurs at the | Proximal convoluted tubule |
| ANURIA | Absence of urine production |
| Why is the plant compound known as insulin the best substance to use to measure renal clearance? | Insulin is neither reabsorbed nor actively secreted into the filtrate |
| The ureter extends downward | behind the parietal peritoneum and joins the urinary bladder from below |
| If a ureter is obstructed a ____ reflex causes urine production in the kidney on the affected side to be reduced | A and C both |
| The hormone ADH functions to promote water reabsorption through the wall(S) of the | Distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct |
| Of the following which one is not considered to be retroperitoneal | All of the above are retroperitoneal |
| Renal pelvis | Renal sinus |
| Most small proteins are reabsorbed by | PINOCYTOSIS |
| The terminal portion of the urinary system is the | URETHRA |
| Chronic glomerulonephritis is usually a renal infection associated with streptococcal bacteria | FALSE |
| The compound used to asses the function of the kidney at the level of the glomerulus is____ | Insulin |
| The nephrotic syndrome usually causes hypoproteinemia proteinuria and generalized edema | TRUE |
| Creatinine clearance measures the rate of glomerular filtration | TRUE |
| It is normal for urine and semen to mix in the male | FALSE |
| Uric acid results from ___ metabolism | PURINE |
| Aldosterone and ADH tend to have the same effect on blood concentration | TRUE |
| The reabsorption of glucose occurs primarily through the walls of the | Proximal convoluted tubule |
| The striated appearance of the pyramids is caused by | Collecting tubules |
| The target of angiotensin II are blood vessels and_____ | Adrenal cortex |
| In the renal corpuscle the afferent arteriole branches to form the | Glomerulus |
| Juxtaglomerular cells | Secrete Renin |
| Hematuria | Blood in the urine |
| In the condition of lactose intolerance, the person develops problems because of the rapid digestion of lactose | FALSE |
| Intrinsic factor is secreted by which cells of the gastric glands? | PARIETAL CELLS |
| Which organ produces and secretes bile? | LIVER |
| Which area has the greatest amount of enzyme activity? | DUODENUM |
| The _____ nervous system division usually stimulates and promotes digestion. | PARASYMPATHETIC |
| The enzyme salivary amylase begins to digest which molecules? | CARBOHYDRATES |
| Which term does not belong with the others? | ESOPHAGUS |
| The purpose of the soft palate is to_____. | Close off the nasal cavity during swallowing |
| A disorder characterized by self-induced aversion to food(loss of appetite) is: | ANOREXIA |
| The hormone that causes the pancreas to secrete an enzyme rich fluid is | CHOLECYSTOKININ |
| Urea is synthesized by the liver following ____ metabolism. | PROTEIN |
| Which gland is closest to the joint between the mandible and temporal bone? | PAROTID |
| The liver has the ability to convert carbohydrates into amino acids. | FALSE |
| Which of these does not increase surface area for absorption in the small intestine? | RUGAE |
| What is the primary purpose of the liver in aiding digestion? | produces bile to emulsify fats in the small intestine |
| The Kupffer cells are phagocytic cells found in the___. | LIVER |
| All of the following are parts of the tooth except: | DUCT |
| The shortest section of the intestines is the____. | DUODENUM |
| Which salivary glands produce the msot viscous saliva? | SUBLINGUAL GLANDS |
| Bile contains a lipase enzyme | FALSE |
| A hiatal hernia is a weakness in the _____ muscle, which allows a portion of the digestive tract to enter the thoracic cavity. | DIAPHRAGM |
| Biliverdin is found in bile | TRUE |
| Another term for swallowing is | DEGLUTITION |
| Bile slts combine with fatty acids to form complexes called___ that facilitates absorption. | MICELLES |
| The plicae circularies are found in the stomach | FALSE |
| What hormone does the small intestine release in response to acidic chyme? | SECRETIN |
| The descending colon usually lies on the left abdominal wall area | TRUE |
| The ____ prevents food from entering the small intestine. | PYLORIC VALVE |
| Which gastrointestinal layer is characterized by having tough, fibrous connective tissue? | SEROSA |
| The ileocecal valve prevents chyme from entering the____. | LARGE INTESTINE |
| The esophagus passes through an opening in the diaphragm called the_____. | ESOPHAGEAL HIATUS |
| Which of these does not belong with the ithers? | LIPASE |
| The external anal sphincter is under voluntary control | TRUE |
| The deciduous dentition consists of 24 teeth. | FALSE |
| The teeth are best adapted for biting off relatively large pieces of food are: | INCISORS |
| Which salivary gland secretes saliva that aids in digestion of carbohydrates? | PAROTID |
| What is the primary function of the large intestine? | TO COMPACT, STORE, AND ELIMINATE FECES |
| Gastrin secretion will stop when the stomach pH reaches_____ | 1.5 |
| Which of the following is not a function of the adult liver? | ERYTHROPOIESIS |
| There are normally 2 common hepatic ducts from the liver. | FALSE |
| Compared to the others listed below, which type of tooth is more likely to be involved in grinding food? | MOLAR |
| Fatty acids and glycerol are released when___ are broken down by the liver or muscle cells. | CHYLOMICRONS |
| The gallbladder stores and concentrates bile. | TRUE |
| The membrane that hangs like an apron over the intestines is the ____. | GREATER OMENTUM |
| Stensens duct conveys saliva from the submandibular gland into the oral cavity. | FALSE |
| The common hepatic and ___ ducts merge to form the common bile duct. | CYSTIC |
| Which lymphatic areas are most commonly the site of inflammation? | PALATINE TONSILS |
| What is the stimulus for cholecystokinin release? | LIPIDS |
| Where are the lacteals located? | SMALL INTESTINE |
| Most of the absorption of nutrients occurs in the ___. | JEJUNUM |
| Secretin from the duodenum causes the pancreas to produce secretions rich in___. | BICARBONATE |
| The cecum is located at the inferior end of the descending colon. | FALSE |
| Inflammation of the gallbladder is: | CHOLECYSTITIS |
| The gallbladder is connected to the Common Bile Duct by the Hepatic Duct. | FALSE |
| What normally holds the intestines in position within the abdominal cavity? | MESENTERY |
| The falciform ligament seperates the right lobe from the ___ lobe. | LEFT |
| The ___ PArt of the stomach is the portion that is connected to the esophagus. | CARDIAC |
| Which vitamin is mainly formed by Escherichia coli? | K |
| The term wisdom tooth refers to the ___ tooth. | THIRD MOLAR |
| Dysentery is a severe form of gastro-intestinal disturbance. | TRUE |
| The so-called wisdom teeth are actually the four last molars. | TRUE |
| The defecation reflex, aids, defection and can also potentiate a heart attack. | TRUE |
| Which of the following triggers the formation of the others? | ENTEROKINASE |
| Gastric intrinsic factor is essential for the absorption of vitamin B12 | TRUE |
| A viral disease of the salivary glands is | MUMPS |
| The process by which bile causes the breakdown of fat globules into smaller droplets is | EMULSIFICATION |
| The correct sequence for the layers within the wall of the alimentary canal from inside to outside is | mucous membrane, submucosa, muscular layer, serous layer |
| The ____ cells secrete gastric enzyme | CHIEF |
| The sphincter muscle located between the small intestine and the large intestine is the ____ sphincter. | ILEOCECAL |
| The portion of the tooth above the gum is the ___. | CROWN |
| How are the components of fats absorbed in the small intestine? | Components of lipids diffuse through small intestinal cell membranes, are reconstructed in the cells, then carried off by lacteals as chylomicrons |
| The band of smooth muscle that cause the colon to pucker are called the | TEANIA COLI |
| The processes of chewing are referred to as | MASTICATION |
| The finger like extensions inside the small intestines are called ____ and increase the surface area.. | VILLI |
| Peristalsis ends in the esophagus | FALSE |
| What mouth part helps to mix with saliva, moves food toward the pharynx for swallowing and houses taste receptor cells? | TONGUE |
| The area called the vermiform appendix serves no digestive function in humans | TRUE |
| Which of the following are not active in the duodenum? | PEPSIN |
| Secretion is a function of the digestive system | TRUE |
| Hemorrhoids are varicose veins of the anal canal | TRUE |
| The portal veins drain blood from the liver and convey it to the inferior vena cava | FALSE |
| Which of the following statements about the function of saliva is not true? | It initiates the chemical digestion of proteins |
| Which of the following has a digestive function? | BILE SALTS |
| The ____ are lymph vessels that project into the villi and absorb fatty substances | LACTEALS |
| During swallowing the soft palate is moved upward and the epiglottis is tilted downward | TRUE |
| The alimentary tube is around ___ meters long. | 9 |
| Which muscle constrict to prevent air from entering the esophagus during breathing? | INFERIOR CONSTRICTOR |
| The buildup of bile pigment in tissues that can be caused by gallstones is | OBSTRUCTIVE JAUNDICE |
| Which of the following vitamins is not stored in the liver? | C |
| The cartilaginous structure at the base of the tongue that helps to prevent food and liquid from entering the trachea during swallowing is the____. | EPIGLOTTIS |
| What does the pancreatic duct directly join to? | DUODENUM |
| Peristalsis occurs in the digestive tract | From the pharynx to the anus |
| Amylase could be found in all of these areas except which one? | STOMACH |
| Which of these is a hormone name? | CHOLECSTOKININ |
| Activities of the digestive system are fenerally increased by ____ nervous stimulation. | PARASYMPATHETIC |
| The pancreas secretes enzymes that enter the small intestine and chemically digest chyme.Choose the enzyme that breaks down fats. | PANCREATIC LIPASE |
| The main part of the stomach is the___ of the stomach. | BODY |
| What initiates the swallowing reflex? | Sensory receptors detecting the bolus in the pharynx |
| Acute pancreatitis may be the result of | all of the above may contribute to the development of pancreatitis |
| Where does the greatest amount of digestion occur? | SMALL INTESTINE |
| Diverticulosis is an inflammation of the diverticuli | FALSE |
| During which stage of gastric secretion do gastric glands actually begin secreting gastric juice? | CEPHALIC PHASE |
| The ____ is the membrane that anchors the tongue to the floor of the mouth. | FRENULUM |
| The pyloric sphincter acts to prevent food from leaving the small intestine. | FALSE |
| The enterogastric reflex normally inhibits the further contraction of the stomach as the duodenum fills. | TRUE |
| The root canal of a tooth contains | BLOOD VESSELS |
| Gallbladder stones are medically referred to as a ___ condition. | CHOLELITHIASIS |
| Cystic fibrosis is an inherited disease that affects digestion as well as respiration | TRUE |
| The portion of the tooth which lies within the mandible socket is called the | ROOT |
| Ferritin is a globular protein that transports and stores ____ in the liver and blood. | IRON |
| The liver contains special blood channels termed____. | SINUSOIDS |
| The pancreas secretes amylase | TRUE |
| Inflammation of the liver is: | HEPATITIS |
| Hepatitis can be caused by viruses such as hepatitis A which can be transmitted by contaminated food. | TRUE |
| Bile facilitates digestion by causing the ___ of fats. | EMULSIFICATION |
| Which intestinal layer accounts for the action of the peristaltic waves? | MUSCULARIS |
| The digestive system functins to provide cells with proper amounts of proteins, carbohydrates or fats. | FALSE |
| Emetics cause the vomiting center in the hypothalamus to propel food by contracting stomach muscles. | FALSE |
| The liver functions to: | All the preceding |
| The mucous cells of the salivary glands secrete amylase which facilitates digestion of starches. | FALSE |
| The liver stores___ for energy. | GLYCOGEN |
| Acute pancreatitis is mainly the result of ____ activity. | TRYPSINOGEN |
| The outer layer of the intestines is the | SEROSA |
| Inflammation of the colon and rectum is | COLITIS |
| Proteins are digested or broken down by the ____ in the stomach. | PEPSIN |
| Which organ has the most metabolically active cells? | LIVER |
| The most common type of hepatitis is hepatitis A | TRUE |
| Which of the following acts to inhibit acid production? | SOMATOSTATIN |
| The following are true of the tongue except which one? | Attaches to the temporal bone |
| What blocks pancreatic secretions from entering the duodenum? | Sphincter of Oddi |
| The ___ duct directly receives the fluids from the gallbladder. | CYSTIC |
| The hormone that stimulates the release of bile form the gallbladder is | CHOLECYSTOKININ |
| Without a gallbladder a person will definitely develop vitamin and lipid deficiencies because of the lack of bile. | FALSE |
| Where would the least amount of bacteria be found? | STOMACH |
| The alkaline tide occurs when ____ is excreted into the urine. | BICARBONATE IONS |
| The surface area of the stomach is enhanced by the presence of folds called____. | RUGAE |
| The process of Gluconeogenesis involves | The conversion of fats to glucose |
| The ampulla of vater is the area that joins the common bile duct to the ____ duct. | PANCREATIC |
| Type B hepatitis is more serious than type A. | TRUE |
| To which structure is the appendix attached? | CECUM |
| Intrinsic factor is secreted by the | STOMACH |
| The ____ canal is the tube like passageway through which food actually passes. | ALIMENTARY |
| Pepsinogen is an active form of the enzyme pepsin | FALSE |
| Which of these is a water soluble vitamin? | C |
| Intrinsic factor is necessary for the normal absorption of: | B-12 |
| The visceral peritoneum is a membrane which wraps around the outer layer of the intestines | TRUE |
| Inflammation of the peridontal ligament and adjacent gums is called pyorrhea. | TRUE |
| Where are the palatine tonsils located? | PHARYNX |
| After much debate what has been described as being a leading cause of peptic ulcers and gastritis? | A bacterial infection caused by Helicobacter pylori |
| Proteins are split by all of the following pancreatic factors except which one? | ZYMOGEN |
| The ____ layer of the alimentary canal contains loose connective tissue, glands, blood and lymphatic vessels and nerves. | SUBMUCOSA |
| Which of the following is not readily absorbed in the small intestine? | Mg++ |
| Aphagia is difficulty swallowing | FALSE |
| Bile contains cholesterol | TRUE |
| The following areas contain tonsils except which one? | Around the frenulum |
| Alcohol is absorbed in the stomach | TRUE |
| The pancreas does not secrete any enzymes to assist in lipid digestion | FALSE |
| How many teeth will be produced in an average lifetime? | 52 |
| The frenulum is the membrane attached to the inferior surface of the | TONGUE |
| The microvilli are found on the cells of villi | TRUE |
| Parasympathetic stomach impulses cause all of the following except which one? | Secretion of somatostatin |
| Which of the following statements about the function of the liver is not true? | It concentrates bile |
| The mucosa is avascular | TRUE |
| Which is the only area that can digest a double sugar? | DUODENUM |
| Chylomicrons are lipoproteins aggregates that are absorbed into the intestinal villi | False |
| The following belong together except which one? | LARGE INTESTINE |
| A peristaltic rush which results in a failure to absorb enough colon water resluts in___. | DIARRHEA |
| Proctitis is inflammation of the rectum and anus. | TRUE |
| Which part of the tooth most closely resembles bone tissue? | DENTIN |
| Hemolytic jaundice is a disease involving an excess production of erythrocytes. | FALSE |
| Which reflex involves a spasmodic contraction of the diaphragm? | HICCUP |
| The cartilaginous structure at the base of the tongue that helps to prevent food and liquid from entering the trachea during swallowing is the epiglottis. | TRUE |
| Asthma affects expiration more than inhalation | TRUE |
| The carina separates the ____ from each other | PRIMARY BRONCHI |
| The respiratory membrane is the simple squamous epithelium of the alveoli | FALSE |
| The pharynx is an enlargement at the top of the trachea that houses the vocal cords | FALSE |
| Ordinary air is about 21% oxygen and 78% nitrogen | TRUE |
| The amount of air that enters or leaves the lungs during a normal respiratory cycle is the | TIDAL VOLUME |
| Breathing is mainly controlled by | MEDULLA OBLONGATA AND PONS |
| What is the anatomical term for the throat? | PHARYNX |
| The release of oxygen by hemoglobin for use in body tissues is dependent upon which of the following? | LOW OXYGEN CONCENTRATION OF THE BODY TISSUE |
| What is the partial pressure of atmospheric oxygen? | 160 mmHg |
| Which of the following is part of the upper respiratory tract? | PHARYNX |
| Rhinitis is an inflammation of the sinusese | FALSE |
| The basic rhythm of breathing is controlled by which portion of the brain? | Dorsal respiratory group of the medullary rhythmicity center |
| The respiratory membrane across which gases diffuse is very thin and is made up of ____ | Alveolar cell membrane, capillary membrane, and fused basement membranes |
| The most important factor that allows the blood to carry carbon dioxide in high amounts is ____ | CARBONIC ANHYDRASE |
| What is the first structure in this respiratory sequence? | PHARYNX |
| The exchange of gases between the lungs and lung capillaries is called | EXTERNAL RESPIRATION |
| Most of the oxygen in the blood is found in the___ | HEMOGLOBIN |
| Cancer that originates in the lungs is most likely to develop from | EPITHELIAL CELLS |
| The respiratory membrane is comprised of the two layers of the alveoli | FALSE |
| What are the most powerful stimuli for breathing? | Low pH, high CO2 |
| Where are the pharyngeal tonsils located? | NASOPHARYNX |
| Where is the highest amount of carbon dioxide found? | The arteries entering the lung |
| The amount of air that enters the lungs during normal, restful breathing is called the____ | TIDAL AIR VOLUME |
| The only structure that allow gas diffusion aross them are the | ALVEOLI |
| The condition characterized by difficulty breathing due to an allergic response is _____ | BRONCHIAL ASTHMA |
| The conchae create the ___ | MEATUSES |
| The vital capacity include: | Tidal volume, expiratory reserve volume, inspiratory reserve volume |
| Even after the most forceful exhalation a certain volume of air remains in the lungs. This volume is called the _____ | RESIDUAL VOLUME |
| The force that causes air to move into the lungs during inspiration is supplied by | ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE |
| The primary muscle of respiration is the | DIAPHRAGM |
| Laryngitis is a potentially dangerous condition because it may cause | OBSTRUCTION OF THE AIRWAY |
| When swallowing the soft palate would have to move downward in order to prevent food from entering the lungs | FALSE |
| The smooth muscle within the vocal cords allows them to change their tension for vocalization | FALSE |
| Carbon monoxide bonds to hemoglobin more effectively than does oxygen | TRUE |
| C shaped pieces of cartilage are found within the | TRACHEA |
| The glottis is the opening between the vocal chords | TRUE |
| Changes in the structure of the respiratory tube as the branches become thinner include the | Epithelial lining changes from pseudo stratified ciliated columnar to cuboidal and simple squamous |
| Non-respiratory movements are most easily triggered by stimuli in which of these areas? | LARYNX |
| The walls of the alveoli are composed of | Simple squamous epithelium |
| At high altitudes it is difficult to breath because the air has a lower percent of oxygen | FALSE |
| Which mechanism prevents over inflation of the lungs? | Hering Breuer reflex |
| Which of the following proteins is the most important physiologically in the transport of carbon dioxide by blood? | CARBONIC ANHYDRASE |
| The enzyme carbonic anhydrase causes | Carbon dioxide to react with water |
| Continued hypo ventilation results in an increase in CO2 concentration | TRUE |
| The percentage in ordinary air is about | 0.04% |
| Bronchial asthma is a condition caused by | An allergy |
| Which of these has highest affinity for hemoglobin? | CO |
| The space between the two lungs is called the | MEDIASTINUM |
| The greatest amount of carbon dioxide transported in the blood is in the form of dissolved carbon dioxide | FALSE |
| The alveoli exchange gases between the air and the capillaries within them | FALSE |
| Respiratory distress syndrome in an infant results from an inability to breathe because of excess surfactant production in the aveoli by type I | FALSE |
| This muscle can cause a forced exhalation | INTERNAL INTERCOSTAL |
| Gas is exchanged in the aveoli by a process of ____ | SIMPLE DIFFUSION |
| What prevents the alveoli from collapsing during exhalation? | SURFACTANTS |
| Which of the following is (are) a function of the mucus-covered nasal passages? | All of the above |
| Emphysema is characterized by an increase in | None of the above |
| Carbon dioxide is sometimes added to the air that a patient breathes in order to | Increase the rate and depth of breathing |
| During the act of swallowing the epiglottis moves upward and the glottis appears as a triangular slit | FALSE |
| The intensity of a vocal sound is a result of the | Force of air passing over the vocal cords |
| The main function of the pleural membranes is to ____ | REDUCE FRICTION |
| The effects of carbon dioxide and hydrogen ions on the respiratory center are similar because | Carbon dioxide combines with water to form carbonic acid |
| Microorganisms removed from incoming air by sticky mucus are most liekly to be destroyed by | The digestive action of gastric juice |
| During maximal expiration the lungs can be completely emptied of air | FALSE |
| Which of the following is true as a result of the dead air space of the respiratory tract? | Air exchange is more complete |
| What is the normal pO2 of the alveolar air? | 104 mmHg |
| The interlobular bronchioles enter the ___ of the lungs | LOBULES |
| The mucous membrane lining the nasal cavity functions to | All of the above |
| The unit of the respiratory system most directly involved in external respiration is the | ALVEOLUS |
| The choreceptors in the carotid and aortic bodies are most sensitive to changes in blood | OXYGEN CONCENTRATION |
| The epiglottis is part of the ____ and covers the glottis | LARYNX |
| The condition characterized by alveolar fibrosis with difficulty exhaling is | EMPHYSEMA |
| If a flashlight is placed just below the eyebrow in a darkened room it may be possible to illuminate the | FRONTAL SINUS |
| The layer of serous membrane that is firmly attached to the surface of a lung is called parietal pleura | FALSE |
| The relative amount of smooth muscle is highest in the | bronchioles |
| The trachea contains rings of cartilage that surround the windpipe to keep it rigid | TRUE |
| The trachea is about 15 inches long | FALSE |
| The utilization of oxygen by metabolic processes is correctly referred to as | Cell respiration |
| The pharynx functions as a ____. Whereas the larynx functions as a | Common passageway for air and food;passageway for air only |
| The movement of air in and out of the lungs is correctly referred to as_____ | Ventilation |
| The tissue that prevents food from entering the lungs is the | EPIGLOTTIS |
| Atmospheric pressure is around______ mmHg | 760 |
| Which principle normally prevents the alveoli from collapsing during expiration? | SECRETION OF SURFACTANT |
| Pleurisy result from an accumulation of fluid in the | PLEURAL CAVITY |
| The tissue lining the alveoli is ___epithelium | SIMPLE SQUAMOUS |
| How many alveoli are there in an average adult lung? | 300,000,000 |
| The main force causing the exhalation of air is the____ | ELASTIC RECOIL |
| Which of the following does not contain a sinus? | ZYGOMATIC BONE |
| Oxygen is carried in the blood in the form of bicarbonate ions and is bound to hemoglobin | FALSE |
| The most sensitive areas os the air passages are located in the | LARYNX and BRONCHI |
| Which of these functions cannot be attributed to the mucous membrane that line the nasal cavity? | Initial gas exchange between air and blood occurs here |
| The procedure used to directly examine the trachea and bronchial tree is called | BRONCHOSCOPY |
| Which of the following factors favors a release of oxygen form hemoglobin? | DECREASED pH |
| During moderate physical exercise blood concentrations of | Oxygen and carbon dioxide remain nearly unchanged |
| The walls of the alveoli are composed of | SIMPLE SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM |
| A significant factor in maintaining the normal pH of body fluids is the loss of which gas during external respiration? | CO2 |
| The functional (terminal) unit of the respiratory system is the | ALVEOLI |
| During inspiration the diaphragm moves upward while thorax expands and moves outward | FALSE |
| Thin walled outpouchings of the alveolar ducts of the lings are the | ALVEOLAR SACS |
| The left lung is larger than the right lung and is divided into three lobes | FALSE |
| Which part of the respiratory tree has the greatest relative percentage of smooth muscle fibers? | BRONCHIOLES |
| Decreasing blood oxygen and increasing carbon dioxide causes the major increases seen in breathing rate during strenuous exercise | FALSE |
| The ____ cartilage marks the lowermost portion of the larynx | CRICOID |
| The pectralis minors and the sternocleidomastoid are useful in aiding forced expiration | FALSE |
| What is the entrance into the lungs called? | HILUS |
| The respiratory system functions in pH balance | TRUE |
| The main purpose for cellular oxygen is to provide a means of producing most of the cell energy | TRUE |
| They thyroid cartilage is the largest cartilage of the larynx | TRUE |
| A sudden contraction of a diaphragm while the glottis is closed produces a sneeze | FALSE |
| The condition in which air enters the pleural cavity is called | PNEUMOTHORAX |
| Which of the following factors favors an increase in breathing rate? | Increased blood carbon dioxide |
| The true vocal cords are those that produce the sounds of the human voice. Where are these located? | Inferior to the false vocal cords |
| Within the bronchial tree which tubes are small branches that enter the lobules of the lungs? | INTRALOBULAR BRONCHIOLES |
| The maximum amount of air a person can exhale after taking the deepest breath possible is the ____ | VITAL CAPACITY |
| ARDS is a condition of lung collapse or atelectasis in a newborn | FALSE |
| Carbon monoxide is toxic because it attacks and destroys the respiratory center in the brain | FALSE |
| The area directly superior to the soft palate is the | NASOPHARYNX |
| Within the blood oxygen is primarily transported____ while the bulk of carbon dioxide is transported____ | As oxyhemoglobin; as bicarbonate ions |
| The true vocal cords move because they are attached to the ____ cartilage | CORNICULATE |
| Where is most carbon dioxide transported? | As the bicarbonate ion |
| The force of exhalation is primarily due to____ | Elastic recoil of thoracic muscles |
| The amount of oxygen released from oxyhemoglobin increases when carbon dioxide concentration | increases |
| MOst CO2 is carried as CO2 dissolved in the plasma | FALSE |
| Which is the most common cause of hyperventilation? | ANXIETY |
| Of the respiratory air volumes listed which one has the largest volume? | VITAL CAPACITY |
| Which sinus are not paranasal sinuses? | MASTOID |
| A pneumothorax occurs when the thoracic pleural pressure_____ compared to the atmospheric pressure | IS EQUAL TO |
| The trachea can be described as | All the above |
| What is the opening to the larynx called? | GLOTTIS |
| Which condition is characterized by inflammation and infection involving the alveoli? | PNEUMONIA |
| Which is the most abundant gas in the atmosphere? | NITROGEN |
| The lipoprotein known as _____ reduces surface tension within the alveoli so they do not collapse during exhalation | SURFACTANT |
| Which of the following is not found in the pharynx? | VOCAL CORDS |
| The right lung is composed of ____lobes; the left lung is composed of ____lobes | Superior, middle and inferior; superior and inferior |
| Which of these is not a chronic obstructive pulmonary disease? | LUNG CANCER |
| At high pO2 levels, where is most oxygen located? | OXYHEMOGLOBIN |
| Which area exerts its effect on the primary breathing control areas? | Pneumotaxic area of pons |
| The exchange of gases between the blood and the cells of the body is called | Internal respiration |
| Which of the following statements about the C-shaped rings of cartilage of the trachea is incorrect? | They form a complete circle in the trachea |
| The respiratory tree contain a ciliated mucous lining that helps remove foreign particles from them | TRUE |
| The temporary absence of breathing is called | APNEA |
| The glottis is the opening between the vocal cords | TRUE |
| During an asthma attack the patient usually finds it most difficult to | EXHALE |
| The first event in inspiration is | The diaphragm moves downward and the external intercostal muscles contract |
| The force that causes air to move into the lungs during inspiration is supplied by | Atmospheric pressure |
| The PO2 in the pulmonary veins is less than the PO2 in the alveolar air | TRUE |
| Which of the following bones does not posses sinuses? | ZYGOMATIC |
| The portion of the respiratory center that is responsible for the basic rhythm pattern of breathing is the | DORSAL RESPIRATORY GROUP |
| Which of the following is (are) a function of the mucous covered nasal passages? | All of the proceeding |
| Where are the palatine tonsils located? | OROPHARYNX |
| The chemo receptors in the aortic and carotid bodies are very sensitive to fluctuations in the levels of blood | FALSE |
| What is the normal pCO2 of the capillary blood? | 45 mmHg |
| Most carbon dioxide is carried through the blood in the form of carboxyhemoglobin | FALSE |
| The condition of newborns called respiratory distress syndrome is caused by a | LACK OF SURFACTANT |
| Whether oxygen diffuses from the alveoli into the blood or not is dependent upon______ | The partial pressure of oxygen in the lungs to expand or collapse |
| What is the Adam's apple directly part of? | Thyroid cartilage |
| The primary force responsible for air moving into the lungs during inhalation is | ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE |
| Most of the respiratory passage surface is lined with_____ | PSEUDOSTRATIFIED COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM |
| All of the following are organs of the respiratory system except the | ESOPHAGUS |
| Which of these is the sum of the other three? | VITAL CAPACITY |
| The amount of air that enters or leaves the lungs during a normal respiratory cycle | TIDAL VOLUME |
| The exchange of gases between the atmosphere and the blood occurs in the | LUNGS |
| Which structures play the greatest role in warming and humidifying air? | CONCHAE |
| The total amount of air that cannot be exchanged is termed the____ | Physiologic dead space |
| Carbon dioxide and oxygen compete for binding sites with the heoglobin | FALSE |
| The respiratory membrane consists of | Two thickness of epithelial cells and basement membranes |
| Respiratory alkalosis is caused by | Removal of too uch CO2 |
| When the diaphragm contracts the pressure within the thoracic cavity decreases | TRUE |
| Which reflex is caused by local alveolar decreases in oxygen content? | YAWN |
| The respiratory center is located in the medulla oblongata and the hypothalamus of the brain stem | FALSE |
| The organs of the upper respiratory tract are located outside the thorax | TRUE |
| Which of these laryngeal cartilages occurs singly rather that in pairs? | CRICOID |
| Which of the following does not stimulate the medullary breathing center chemo-sensitive neurons? | LOW BLOOD OXYGEN |
| Hyperventilation causes its symptoms mainly because it results in respiratory acidosis | FALSE |
| Hyperventilation is most likely to be accompanied by a(n) | Decrease in blood CO2 concentration and a rise in pH |
| The force responsible for normal expiration is supplied by the | Elastic recoil of tissues and surface tension |
| In order to maintain homeostasis chloride ions move in as bicarbonate moves out of the erythrocyte | TRUE |
| The amount of air that cannot be expelled is the | RESIDUAL VOLUME |
| The pitch of a vocal sound is controlled by changing the | TENSION ON THE VOCAL CORD |
| Which of the following is not a property of the mucous lining of the respiratory tract? | CONTAINS MICROVILLI |
| The pleural cavity is the space between the lung and____ | PARIETAL PLEURA |
| Which of the following air volumes cannot be measured using simple spirometer? | RESIDUAL VOLUME |
| The functional gas exchanging units termed____ | ALVEOLI |
| The olfactory nerves pass through openings in the | CRIBIFORM PLATE |
| The pitch of a vocal sound controlled by changing the _____ | Tension of the vocal cords |
| During inspiration the intra-alveolar pressure reaches_____ | 758 mmHg |
| The intensity (volume) of a vocal sound is a result of the | Force of air passing over the vocal cords |
| Of the respiratory air volumes listed which one has the largest volume? | VITAL CAPACITY |
| The alveoli are filled with pleural fluid | FALSE |
| The visceral and parietal pleural membranes are normally held together by | Surface tension |
| There are____ secondary bronchi? | 5 |
| Aphagia is difficulty swallowing | false |
| The firs event in expiration is | The diaphragm and external respiratory muscles relax |
| Which passageway serves as a common route for food or air? | OROPHARYNX |
| The vocal cords are located within the | LARYNX |
| The inflation reflex is activated when stretch receptors are stimulated during inspiration | TRUE |
| The function of the countercurrent multiplier is to_____ | Increase the concentration of NaCl |
| Which of these could appear in the urine from dieting or the utilization of excess lipids? | KETONE |
| Enuresis | UNCONTROLLED URINATION |
| The mucosa of the bladder is comprised of____ | Transitional epithelium |
| The outermost structure of a kidney is the | CAPSULE |
| Whcih blood vessels surround the loop of Henle? | VASA RECTA |
| The internal urethral sphincter is under, involuntary control | TRUE |
| The reason that most persons only have trace amounts of albumin in the urine is that most of it is returned to the blood by reabsorption | FALSE |
| Tubular reabsorption occurs from the nephron tubles into the _____ | Peritubular capillaries |
| Aldosterone causes the retention of Na+ and water and the wasting of____ | POTASSIUM |
| This is the correct term for a "floating kidney"______ | Nephroptosis |
| Which of these has the highest concentration in the urine? | Sodium |
| Which of the following is not considered a function of the kidneys? | Formation of plasma proteins |
| The location of the kidneys can be best described as____ | Retroperitoneal |
| Persons with spinal cord damage in the lumbar area will no longer have voluntary control over urination | TRUE |
| The epithelial cells of the proximal convoluted tubule are adapted for reabsorption by | Having microscopic projections called microvilli |
| An increase in glomerular hydrostatic pressure will result in ____ the rate of glomerular filtration | An increase in |
| Each minor calyx receives urine from the____ | Renal papillae |
| The triangular area on the internal floor of the urinary bladder comprise the_____ | TRIGONE |
| Where are most microvilli found? | Proximal convoluted tubule |
| The average glomerular filtration rate is____ ml/ minute | 125 |
| The glomerular capsule is composed of two layers of squamous epithelial cells | TRUE |
| Which factor does not affect glomerular filtration rate? | Concentration of leukocytes in the blood |
| Given 500 ml glomerular filtrate approximately how much will ultimately be excreted as urine? | 5 ml |
| Which of the following is not associated with the glomerulus? | Minor calyx |
| Kidney stones are least likely to be composed of | Cholesterol |
| Which of the following is not normally found in the glomerular filtrate? | Protein |
| Water will move from a hypotonic to a hypertonic area by osmosis | TRUE |
| Uric acid results from the metabolism of____ | Nucleic acids |
| The functional unit of the kidney is the | Nephron |
| Which structure is the first to collect the urine? | Calyx |
| ADH is produced by cells within the_____ | Hypothalamus |
| There are about one million nephrons in each kidney | TRUE |
| An increase in the level of blood urea usually indicates renal dysfunction | TRUE |
| As a consequence of widespread edema blood volume | Decreases and blood pressure drops |
| Glomerular pressure is due to a characteristic of the afferent arteriole. The afferent arteriole: | Has a larger diameter |
| The countercurrent mechanism functions primarily in the | Nephron loop |
| The composition of glomerular filtrate compares to that of plasma by containing | The same substances as plasma except for larger protein molecules |
| Albuminuria | The presence of (a protein) in the urine |
| Which blood vessel conveys blood out of the glomerulus? | Efferent arteriole |
| ADH | Water retaining hormone |
| Where does ADH have its greatest effect? | Distal convoluted tubule |
| Higher blood pressure resulting from vigorous exercise could release high amounts of____ | Albumin |
| ____is an enzyme that is released when the blood pressure drops. | Renin |
| The membranous urethra is the portion found in males as well as females | TRUE |
| Which of these is not usually secreted by the kidneys? | Creatine |
| Filtration rate in the glomerulus is increased by | Both vasodilation of the afferent ateriole and vasoconstriction of the efferent arteriole |
| Which of the following is not part of the male urethra? | Glandular urethra |
| Which of the following is correct concerning the location of the kidneys? | They are located behind the peritoneum |
| Infants have a greater probability of dehydrating than adults | True |
| How much of the cardiac output passes through the kidneys? | 25% |
| What is the function of the renal system? | All of these |
| A renal corpuscle is a ____, whereas a renal tubule is a_____ | Tangled cluster of blood capillaries;highly coiled tubule that leads away from the glomerular capsule |
| PAH is a plasma clearance test that can be used to assess plasma flow through the kidneys | TRUE |
| Cystitis could spread from the bladder to the kidneys through the urethra | FALSE |
| The secretions of H+ and reabsorption of the bicarbonate anions are important pH regulating mechanisms of the kidney | TRUE |
| The largest quantity of hydrogen ions is secreted | Actively from the distal convoluted tubule |
| The transport of urine from the renal pelvis into the bladder is a function of the | Ureter |
| During a kidney transplant procedure the renal artery and vein of the donor kidney are connected to the recipients | Iliac artery and vein |
| What is the main factor does not promote bladder infections in the female? | Dietary factors |
| The triangular area formed by the entrances of the ureters and the exit of the urethra is called the___ | Trigone |
| Water reabsorption occurs throughout the length of the renal tubule by the process of___ | Osmosis |
| Which process is most affected by blood pressure? | Glomerular filtration |
| In which of the following portions of the nephron is water actively transported? | None of the above |
| Micturation is under this type of control | Both A and B |
| What is the purpose of the countercurrent mechanism in the nephron? | It creates a highly concentrated interstitial fluid so that urine can be concentrated by the collecting ducts when they are permeable to water |
| The entrance into the kidney is called the___ | Hilum |
| Conscious control of micturation involves inhibiting the micturation reflex by using nerve centers in the | Brain stem and cerebral cortex |
| The action of aldosterone is to increase | Sodium reabsorption |
| Inulin and para-aminohppuric acid (PAH) can be used to determine glomerular filtration rate and the rate of blood flow through the kidneys | TRUE |
| An increase in sodium reabsorption increases water reabsorption | TRUE |
| The structure which receives the filtrate from the glomerulus is the | Bowman capsule |
| High blood pressure is inversly proportional to the rate of urine formation | FALSE |
| Tubular reabsorption is responsible for retaining nutrients the body requires. Most tubular reabsorption occurs in the ____ where microvilli and their numerous carrier proteins increase the surface area available for reabsorption | Proximal convoluted tubule |
| Sympathetic nerve impulses usually cause proportional degrees of vasodilation in the afferent arterioles | FALSE |
| Which best describes the main function of the urinary system | To help keep the body in homeostasis by controlling the amount and composition of the blood |
| The ureter directly receives urine from the___of the kidney | Pelvis |
| The renal medulla is composed of___ whereas the renal cortex is composed of____ | Renal pyramids; granular tissue composed of nephron tubules |
| ____ acts on the distal convoluted tubules and collecting ducts of the kidneys and causes them to increase their reabsorption of sodium. | Aldosterone |
| Which of these does not operate under a renal threshold mechanism? | Water |
| Which of these is not a function of the kidneys? | The kidneys deactivate vitamin D |
| The appearance of glycosuria indicates that the renal plasma threshold has been exceeded | TRUE |
| The juxtaglomerular apparatus consists of the juxtaglomerular cells and the cells of the____. | Macula densa |
| Whenever the plasma glucose concentration exceeds the renal plasma threshold | Glucose will appear in the urine |
| Whenever sodium ions are reabsorbed through the wall of the renal tubule by active transport chloride ions are | Reabsorbed by passive transport |
| When the concentration of water in body fluids increases the secretion of ADH increases | FALSE |
| Within the renal tubule two hormones play a role in determining the final volume and sodium concentration of the urine. The hormone ____ regulates sodium reabsorption while ___ regulates water reabsorption | Aldosterone; antidiuretic hormone (ADH) |
| Which of the following is an abnormal constituent of urine? | None of the above |
| A decrease in the glomerular hydrostatic pressure of the glomerular capsule will result in ___ the rate of glomerular filtration | A decrease in |
| About 50% of urea is absorbed from filtrate by diffusion whereas uric acid is absorbed by active transport | TRUE |
| The renal pyramids are located within the | Medulla |
| Choose the statement that does not correctly characterize the kidneys | The right kidney is udually 5 to 2 centimeters higher than the left one |
| Urine formation involves which of the following processes? | Glomerular filtration and tubular reabsorption and tubular secretion |
| What structure is the last in the sequence of urine flow? | Urethra |
| The final branches of the interlobular arteries give rise to the ____ that carry blood to the nephrons | Afferent arterioles |
| The portion of the renal cortex that extends between the renal pyramids form areas called the renal _____. | Renal Column |
| If the arteriole that supplies blood to the glomerulus becomes constricted | The glomerular filtration rate decreases |
| Gout is a disease that causes uric acid crystals to form in joints | TRUE |
| Large amounts of hydrogen ions are secreted between plasma and urine by the nephron loop | FALSE |
| The urinary bladder is located internal to the parietal peritoneum | FALSE |
| An increase in ADH production will tend to make the blood more hypertonic | FALSE |
| ______ is a term referring to inflammation of the urinary bladder | CYSTITIS |
| Which of the following is usually not found in the urine? | GLUCOSE |
| The micturation reflex center is located in the | Sacral segments of the spinal cord |
| PYURIA | Pus in the urine |
| Humanes secrete urine that is ___ to the plasma | Hypertonic |
| The countercurrent multiplier mechanism occurs at the _____ | Loop of Henle |
| Active transport mechanisms have limited transport capacities because the renal tubule is not very permeable to the absorption of molecules | FALSE |
| Which vessel directs blood into the glomerulus? | Afferent arteriole |
| Which of the following indicates the parts of a renal tubule in the correct sequence from begining to end? | Proximal convoluted tubule, descending limb, ascending limb, distal convoluted tubule |
| Excessive sweating will usually cause a person to withold their secretion of ADH | FALSE |
| What causes urine to flow from the kidneys to the bladder? | Peristalisis |
| Which of the following correctly lists the order of structures through which urine flows after its formation in the nephron? | Calyx, renal pelvis, ureter, urinary bladder, urethra |
| Renal calculi are commonly comprised of urea and calcium salt preciitates | FALSE |
| The outer most covering of the kidney is the____ | Capsule |
| As a result of excessively low arterial blood pressure glomerular hydrostatic pressure | Drops and filtration decreases |
| How much urine is formed in 24 hours? | 1.5 Liters |
| The efferent arteriole supplies blood to the capillary of the glomerulus glomerular filtrate has a composition similar to tissue fluid | FALSE |
| Which area actually secretes renin into the blood? | Juxtaglomerular cells |
| OLIGURIA | Small amount of urine produced |
| Eating large amounts of meat will increase the levels of ___ in the blood | UREA |
| The kidneys have the capability of controlling their own blood flow independent of general controls for circulation of organs such as the pancreas | TRUE |
| In the female the urinary bladder lies posterior to the uterus and vagina | FALSE |
| Twenty percent of the blood volume is removed as it passes through the glomerulus. This fluid as it enters the capsular space is termed ____ | Glomerular secretion |
| Proteins of smaller molecular size may be reabsorbed from the glomerular filtrate by the process of _______ | Pinocytosis |
| Which vessels surround a nephron unit in order to reabsorb portions of the glomerular filtrate? | Pertibular capillaries |
| Which muscle metabolism waste product is eliminated by the kidneys? | Creatinine |
| During urine formation some substances move from the plasma in the peritubular capillary into the renal tubule by the process called tubular____ | Secretion |
| The micturation reflex can be voluntarily controlled by the | Cerebral cortex stimulating or inhibiting the external urethral sphincter |
| The urethra transports urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder | FALSE |
| What affect does ADH have on urine output? | Decreases |
| The juxtaglomerular regulates the filtration rate by the____ and by ____ | Vasoconstriction of the afferent ateriole, renin-angiotensin II causing vasoconstriction of the renal artery |
| Vitamin C will appear in the urine when an excess is consumed in the diet or supplements | TRUE |
| The concentrations of substances in the plasma in the glomerular filtrate and in urine differ in what way? | Plasma and glomerular filtrate are virtually identical but urine contains proportionately more waste products |
| Kidney stones are also called | Calculi |
| If the osmotic pressure of the blood plasma is decreased the glomerular filtration rate is increased | TRUE |
| Aldosterone from the adrenal cortex causes sodium ions to be | Conserved and water to be conserved |
| Urine is forced along the length of the ureter by peristalic waves | TRUE |
| Where does most selective reabsorption occur? | Proximal convoluted tubule |
| Aldosterone | Produced in the adrenal cortex |
| Which of the following occurred by active transport? | Reabsorption of amino acids |
| The openings at the inferior tip of the renal pyramids are called____ | Renal papilla |
| A drug that is an ACE inhibitor will lower blood pressure by inhibiting conversion of angiotensinogen to aniotensin I | FALSE |
| How much sodium is reabsorbed by the proximal segment of the nephron? | 70% |
| Which of the following statements about the functions of the nephron is false? | It produces Aldosterone |
| Reabsorption is carried out by | Active transport and passive transport |
| Infants are more likely to become dehydrated that adults because | Infant kidneys are less able to conserve water |
| Which of these is under voluntary control? | External sphincter |
| An increased production of urine is called | DIURESIS |
| In which area can the term urine be correctly used? | Renal pelvis |
| What enables the urinary bladder to stretch? | Transitional epithelium |
| The capsule hydrostatic pressure is usually higher than the glomerular hydrostatic pressure | FALSE |
| Which of the following correctly describes the countercurrent mechanism of the nephron loop? | Water moves out of the descending limb, sodium moves out of the ascending limb |
| All of the following systems aid in waste elimination except | The reproduction |
| Which ion is reabsorbed in exchange for sodium? | Potassium |
| The glomerular filtrate in the proximal convoluted tubule is isotonic to the plasma of the peritubular capillary | TRUE |
| Which of the following is not a common filtrate component? | Red blood cells |
| Ions such as chloride usually passively follow movement of cations to achieve electrical blance | TRUE |
| During trauma with significant loss of blood the release of renin will be inhibited | FALSE |
| Which section of the nephron follows the ascending limb of the loop of henle? | Distal convoluted tubule |
| The glomerulus most closely resembles an area of capillaries | TRUE |
| ADH functions to increase absorption of water from urine into blood by increasing the permeability of the distal convoluted tubules and collecting ducts | TRUE |
| Which of the following would increase the rate of glomerular filtration? | Increased blood pressure |
| Gout is a condition in which the plasma has an abnormally high concentration of | URIC ACID |
| The presence of excessive uric acid in the blood is called | All of the above |
| A renal corpuscle includes the | Glomerulus and Bowmans capsule |
| 70 % of the glomerular filtrate has been reabsorbed by the time it has passed through this part of the nephron | Proximal convoluted tubule |
| The last part of a nephron is the ____ | Distal convoluted tubule |
| Most tubular reabsorption occurs at the | Proximal convoluted tubule |
| ANURIA | Absence of urine production |
| Why is the plant compound known as insulin the best substance to use to measure renal clearance? | Insulin is neither reabsorbed nor actively secreted into the filtrate |
| The ureter extends downward | behind the parietal peritoneum and joins the urinary bladder from below |
| If a ureter is obstructed a ____ reflex causes urine production in the kidney on the affected side to be reduced | A and C both |
| The hormone ADH functions to promote water reabsorption through the wall(S) of the | Distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct |
| Of the following which one is not considered to be retroperitoneal | All of the above are retroperitoneal |
| Renal pelvis | Renal sinus |
| Most small proteins are reabsorbed by | PINOCYTOSIS |
| The terminal portion of the urinary system is the | URETHRA |
| Chronic glomerulonephritis is usually a renal infection associated with streptococcal bacteria | FALSE |
| The compound used to asses the function of the kidney at the level of the glomerulus is____ | Insulin |
| The nephrotic syndrome usually causes hypoproteinemia proteinuria and generalized edema | TRUE |
| Creatinine clearance measures the rate of glomerular filtration | TRUE |
| It is normal for urine and semen to mix in the male | FALSE |
| Uric acid results from ___ metabolism | PURINE |
| Aldosterone and ADH tend to have the same effect on blood concentration | TRUE |
| The reabsorption of glucose occurs primarily through the walls of the | Proximal convoluted tubule |
| The striated appearance of the pyramids is caused by | Collecting tubules |
| The target of angiotensin II are blood vessels and_____ | Adrenal cortex |
| In the renal corpuscle the afferent arteriole branches to form the | Glomerulus |
| Juxtaglomerular cells | Secrete Renin |
| Hematuria | Blood in the urine |
| Which of the following would have a diuretic effect? | Drinking alcohol |
| In the bicarbonate buffer system ______ acts as a base | Bicarbonate ion |
| Which of these conditions leads to a severe life threatening water loss? | Diabetes insipidus |
| Carbonic acid is H2CO3 | TRUE |
| Respiratory alkalosis is caused by | Removal of too much CO2 |
| During periods of physical exercise there is | An increased production of carbonic acid and the pH of body fluids tends to fall |
| A protein functions as an acid base buffer system by the COO group of a molecule accepting hydrogen ions in the presence of excess acid and the NH3 group of a molecule releasing hydrogen ions in the presence of excess base | TRUE |
| Any factors that alters water balance will also alter electrolyte balance | TRUE |
| The thirst mechanism is usually not triggered until the volume of the body water has been decreased by 5-10% | FALSE |
| Hyponatremia is | Characterized by extracellular fluid that is hypotonic |
| What buffering system is found in both extracellular and intracellular fluids? | Bicarbonate |
| Astrong acid is one that____ and an example is_____ | Ionizes more completely;HCL |
| Acids react to release Hydrogen ions, whereas substances that combine with hydrogen ions are called salts | FALSE |
| Which of the following would result in edema? | Both low plasma protein concentration and increases in venous pressure |
| Extracellular fluids are characterized by realtively | High sodium and low potassium concentrations |
| The phosphate buffer system consists of | Sodium monohydrogen phosphate and sodium dihydrogen phosphate |
| Synovial fluid is an example of extracellular fluid | TRUE |
| The average adult human body is about 45% to75% water | FALSE |
| Which factor accounts for the ability of the body to conserve high levels of sodium? | Kidney function |
| The respiratory center is most likely to cause an increase in the breathing rate if | the ph of body fluids is decreasing |
| Which of the following could not act as a buffer? | H2SO4 |
| The hormone ADH and aldosterone regulate the concentrations of____ in the body | potassium ions and sodium ions |
| The primary source of body fluid is water from | The digestive tract |
| An antacid is any substance that neutralizes an acid | TRUE |
| The hormone ADH is released from the anterior lobe of the pirtuiatry gland | FALSE |
| Either hyperkalemia could be associated with muscle paralysis or cardia arrhythmias | TRUE |
| Which of the following acts as a base in body fluids? | HCO3- |
| Transcellular fluid includes the water and electrolytes within the | Joint cavities |
| The greatest amount of body water is lost through _____ | Urine |
| Metabolic alkalosis | All of the above |
| Which of these is not effect of parathyroid hormone? | Increase in renal elimination of CA++ |
| Which mechanism requires the most time to regulate pH? | Renal |
| Hyperparathyroidism usually causes an increase in_____ | Calcium |
| Carbon dioxide reacts with water to form carbonic acid | TRUE |
| What reacts with the excess bases in protein buffers? | NH3+ |
| A lower than normal level of potassium called hypokalemia may result from vomiting diarrhea high sodium intake and kidney disease | TRUE |
| What is the normal pH of the blood? | 7.35-7.45 |
| The main hormone that causes the kidney to conserve water is ________ | ADH |
| Hyperkalemia can be caused by | All of the above |
| The "Carbonic acid-Bicarbonate" buffering system is an important regulator of blood pH | TRUE |
| Metobolic alkalosis caused by nonrespiratory loss of acid by the body or excessive intake of alkaline drugs | TRUE |
| Respiratory acidosis can be | Caused by a decreaseed breathing rate and compensated for by the secretion of more hydrogen ions from the kidneys |
| How is it possible for the rate and depth of breathing to affect hydrogen ion concentrations in body fluids? | During increased air exchanged more carbon dioxide is given off returning hydrogen ion concentrations to normal |
| Hyperventilation from anxiety usually causes | Respiratory alkalosis |
| Obstruction of the airways lead to | Repiratory Acidosis |
| During the drinking of water the stretching of the stomach causes a hypothalamic reflex to send impulse to the nervous system causing the person to stop | TRUE |
| The most serious consequence of potassium imbalances is | Cardiac abnormalities |
| Parathyroid hormone increases phosphate reabsorption from the renal tubules | FALSE |
| Water intoxication is | All of the above |
| When an acid reacts with the bicarbonate buffer system ____ is formed as an end product | Carbonic acid |
| During periods of acidosis the kidney will secrete ____ into the urine | H+ |
| The thirst center is located in the | Hypothalamus |
| Metabolic acidosis results from an increase in acidic products not related to the malfunction of the respiratory system | TRUE |
| When sodium ions are reabsorbed in response to the action of aldosterone potassium ions are | Secreted |
| Intracellular fluids are characterized by relatively high concentrations of | potassium and phosphate |
| Homeostasis of a narrow range of pH is essential to survival and depends on three major mechanisms buffer systems respirations and kidney excretion | TRUE |
| What happens to HCL in the phosphate buffer reaction? | Forms a weak acid |
| Lung cancer usualy causes the tendency towards_____ | Respiratory Acidosis |
| Water obtained as a byproduct of the oxidation of various nutrients is called plasma | FALSE |
| Water balance and electrolyte balance are interdependent due to | electrolytes being dissolved in water |
| ADH has a direct effect on | All of these |
| The accumulation of nitrogenous wastes in the blood is a condition known as_______ | Azotemia |
| In a healthy person the pH of the extracellular fluid is stabalized between 6.35 and 6.45 | FALSE |
| Where is most water found in the body? | In cells |
| The kidneys help to regulate the hydrogen ion concentration of body fluids by altering the rate at which hydrogen ions are secreted | TRUE |
| Fluid contained within the cells is termed | Intracellular fluid |
| What of the following is not likely to cause acidosis? | Fever |
| Which of the following would most likely be most helpful in treating hypocalcemia? | Administering high doses of Vitamin D |
| The three most important buffer systems in body fluids include the bicarbonate buffer system, the ____ buffer system and the protein buffer system | Phophate |
| The most abundant extracellular cation is | Na+ |
| The primary stimulus for the secretion of aldosterone is | Rising potassium concentration |
| Which of the following body compartments is correctly matched with its location in the body? | Extracellular fluid within the tissue spaces, blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels |
| Oosteoclasts cells are bone cells that help to add Ca++ and PO4- to the blood | TRUE |
| Excessive vomiting usually results in the phenomenon of____ | Dehydration |
| The primary regulator of water output involves urine production | TRUE |
| Buffering systems consist of a weak acid and weak base and help maintain blood pH | TRUE |
| Cerebrospinal fluid, fluid within the eyes, joints, and body cavities, and fluid secretions of exocrine glands are all classified specifically as ____ fluid | Trasncellular |
| What is the most abundant extracellular cation? | Sodium |
| Which of the following is an effect of acidosis? | Mental confusion |
| About ____% of the total daily intake of water is derived from internal cell metabolism | 10 |
| In an attempt to remove acid from the blood the kidney tubules increase the production of _____ | Ammonia |
| What buffers the addition of hydrogen in blood cells following the uptake of carbon dioxide? | Hemoglobin |
| What reacts with excess acids in protein buffers? | COO- |
| Which of the following is the major constituent of body fluids? | Water |
| Which ion is usually exchanged for sodium absorption? | K+ |
| Hypernatremia is | All of the above |
| Which of these is a transcellular fluid? | Synovial |
| What causes the edema seen in inflammation? | Histamine |
| Which factor greatly increases the reaction betwen carbon dioxide and water? | Carbonic Anhydrase |
| Which of these values would be the smallest? | Metabolic water |
| Buffer systems usually consist of a weak acid and a weak base | TRUE |
| What is the normal pH of the blood? | 7.35-7.45 |
| If fluid intake exceeds 8 glasses of water per day water intoxication will occur | FALSE |
| Which of these is not a transcellular fluid? | Interstitial Fluid |
| What can be a direct cause of ascites? | Hepatic Disease |
| Respiratory alkalosis can be | Compensated for by a decreased respiratory rate |
| Which of these is not associated with acidity? | Glucose |
| The intracellular fluid compartment includes all water and electrolytes enclosed by a _____ | Cell membrane |
| The primary regulator of water intake is the mechanism of _____ | Thirst |
| A person in a moderate environment probably would lose the greatest amount of water by | Urine |
| Of the compartments of the extracellular water which is the largest? | Intersitial fluid |
| The effects of water intoxication are usually related to | Low sodium |
| What is the most significant plasma buffer? | Bicarbonate |
| A so-called "salt craving" is primarily the result of | A severe electrolyte deficiency |
| Which is the most abundant extracellular ion? | Sodium |
| What are the two major factors that regulate the movement of water and electrolytes from one fluid compartment to the next? | Hydrostatic pressure and osmotic pressure |
| High concentration of blood sodium could cause tissue cells to expand from taking excess water in | TRUE |
| Edema can be caused by all of these factors except | An increase in the plasma protein concentration |
| Normally fluid enters the lymphatic capillaries as a result of active transport | FALSE |
| The intracellular fluid compartment includes all the water and electrolytes enclosed by cell membranes | TRUE |
| ADH is secreted from the | Posterior pituitary |
| If the reabsorption of sodium by the renal tubule is inhibited, the | All of the above |
| The hormnone aldosterone functions to promote the | Reabsorption of sodium |
| The ability to sweat is the major method of regulating body water and ceoncentration | FALSE |
| All of the following are etracellular fluids except | Cytoplasm |
| This is probably the greatest source of H+? | Carbon dioxide |
| Which cells are most sensitive to electrolyte changes? | Neurons |
| Which of the following does not occur as a result of a shift in the acid base balance of the body? | An increase in metabolic efficiency within the cells |
| The concentration of calcium ions in extracellular fluid is regulated primarily by a hormone secreted by the parathyroid glands | TRUE |
| How does alcohol function as a diuretic? | Alcohol prevents the distal convoluted tubule from reabsorbing water from the filtrate |
| What is the greatest regulator of water intake? | Hypothalamus |
| Excessive secretion of PTH is accompanied by | Increased bone reabsorption and increased blood calcium concentration |
| The acid base buffer system in blood include | All of the above |
| When a strong base reacts with the bicarbonate buffer system ____ is formed from the base | Bicarbonate ion |
| Loss of blood from trauma wll usually reduce the amount of urine that is produced | TRUE |
| The greatest amount of electrolytes normally occurs by way of fecal elimination | FALSE |
| Which of the following does not play a significant role in maintaining aid base balance? | Stomach |
| What trigger signals the brain to increase the output of ADH for water conservation? | Osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus detect the increase in osmotic pressure of body fluids and signal the posterior pituitary to release ADH |
| Sometimes the carboxyl groups of proteins release hydrogen ions | TRUE |
| Holding one's breath tends to make the blood more acidic | TRUE |
| The pH survival range of arterial blood is | 6.6-8.0 |
| Which of these is relatively high in extracellular fluids? | Sodium |
| Hypokalemia could result from all of these except which one? | Addison's Disease |
| Prolonged vomiting in which only the stomach contents are lost leads to | Metabolic alkalosis |
| The sodium level in the blood is controlled primarily by the hormone PTH | False |
| The primary mechanism that regulates the concentration of sodium ions in extracellular fluid involves a hormone secreted by the parathyroid glands | TRUE |
| Which of the following is an example of a physiological buffer? | Renal mechanism |
| Erythrocytes will swell in a hypertonic solution | FALSE |
| Dehydration is | All of the above |
| Sodium ions account for nearly 100% of the positively charged ions in the extracellular fluid | FALSE |
| Metabolic acidosis can be | Compensated for by an increased breathing rate and depth |
| The thirst center in the hypothalamus is stimulated by ______ of the extracellular fluid and is inhibited by_____ | An increase in the osmotic pressure; distention of the stomach by water |
| Which of the following is not true in Addison's disease? | Potassium decreases |
| Which of these is considered secondary defense against changes in pH? | Renal excretion of hydrogen ions |
| An electrolyte exerts a far less effect on osmosis because it dissociates into at least two particles | FALSE |
| Which of the following will not produce H+ ions? | Synthesis of phophoproteins |
| Which ion is directly related to calcium homeostatsis | PO4= |
| Parathyroid hormone (PTH) is released when the sodium level in the blood is low | FALSE |
| Acid base buffer systems minimize pH changes by | Converting strong acids to weak acids |
| Which of the following is not related to hypocalcemia? | Muscle weakness |
| Vomiting can result in either metabolic acidosis or alkalosis | TRUE |
| Respiratory acidosis is caused by | Not enough removal of CO2 |
| Why does an electrolyte exert a far greater effect on osmosis than a nonelectrolyte? | An electrolyye molecule dissociates into at least two solute particles |
| The movement of water and electrolytes between fluid compartments is regulated primarily by | Hydrostatic pressure and osmotic pressure |
| Which body compartment contains the greatest relative amount of water? | Intracellular |
| Water obtained as a byproduct of the oxidation of various nutrients is called ____ water | Metabollic |
| If the pH of the blood were 7.2 the respiratory center in the brain stem would be inhibited and the carbon dioxide level would decrease | FALSE |
| Water moves in and out of the body compartments primarily by what method? | Osmosis |
| Where are most electrolytes normally lost? | Urine |
| Chemical buffer systems function rapidly against shift in pH whereas physiological buffer systems function more slowly | TRUE |
| In a healthy body the quantity of water within the body remains relatively stable at all times | TRUE |
| What is the term for a condition of widespread edema? | Anasarca |
| What is a likely cause of hypernatremia? | Diabetes insipidus |
| Choose the factor that is not a major metabolic source of hydrogen ions in the body | Dehydration synthesis of nucleic acids |
| Which of these is not a common consequence of vomiting? | Respiratory alkalosis |
| How is excess tissue fluid mainly returned to the blood? | lymphatic vessels |
| Diabetes mellitus in which fatty acids are converted to ketone bodies leads to | Metabolic acidosis |
| Compared to the average adult female the average adult male body contains relatively | More water and less adipose tissue |
| Surgical removal of the breast can cause edema in the arm | TRUE |
| Diabetic ketoacidosis is an example of which imbalance? | Metabolic acidosis |
| The volume of urine produced is regulated mainly by the activity in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct | TRUE |
| The osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus cannot detect the change in body fluids until the loss is decreased to around 10% of body water | FALSE |
| Which blood parameter is directly affected by breathing? | Carbon dioxide |
| Which of these is not a usual cause of hypoproteinemia | Diuresis |
| Fluid output of the body totals an average of 1500ml per day | FALSE |
| Kidneys help to regulate acid base balance of the blood by secreting hydroxyl ions | FALSE |
| Prolonged diarrhea in which the intestinal secretions are lost excessively leads to | Metabolic acidosis |
| Hypokalemia is characterized by | Muscular weakness, respiratory difficulty, and ventricular arrhythmias |
| Drinking alcohol produces its diuretic effect by | Inhibiting the release of ADH |
| The purpose of a buffer system is to | Prevent pH changes |
| Addisons disease is charaxterized by | Aldosterone deficiency and loss of extracellular sodium |
| Metabolic alkalosis could develop in persons being treated for peptic ulcers | TRUE |
| Diuretics can have an effect of reducing blood pressure | TRUE |
| Hyperventilation leads to | Respiratory alkalosis |
| Which condition is generalized accumulation of body edematous tissues? | Anasarca |
| Based on the following equation what is the effect of an increase in the CO2 concentration in body fluids? | H20+CO2->H+ + HCO3- A lowering of the pH |
| What is the main force that causes fluid to leave the plasma compartment? | Hydrostatic pressure |
| What is the main force that causes water to move among the various fluid compartments? | Osmosis |
| During the act of drinking water the desire for water is usually inhibited by | Distention of the stomach |
| Edema is | Characterized by abnormal accumulation of extracellular fluid within the interstitial spaces |
| If excessive amounts of water are taken into the body | Osmoreceptors in the brain begin to swell |
| Which of the following most closely represents the average percentage of water by weight in an adult male? | 65% |
| An abnormal accumulation of interstitial fluid is termed_____ | Edema |
| ____ is the most common extracellular cation while ____ is the most abundant intracellular cation | Sodium; Potassium |
| What is the pH range compatible with life? | 6.8-8.0 |
| Which of the following favor the development of edema? | Hypoproteinemia |
| Which of the following favor the development processes is likely to serve as a source of hydrogen ions in body fluids? | All of the above |
| Which of the following does not become involved with maintaining blood calcium balance? | Skeletal muscle |
| Ingestion of excessive amounts of sodium bicarbonate to relieve the symptoms of indigestion may lead to | Metabolic Alkalosis |
| The primary organs of the female reproductive system are the uterus and vagina | FALSE |
| Within the female ovary primordial follicles begin their development | During prenatal development |
| MAles have a number of internal accessory organs. Which one(s) is/are responsible for secreting fluid containing fructose and prostaglandins? | Seminal vesicles |
| Ciliated epithelium and peristaltic waves help move the oocyte through the fallopian tubes | TRUE |
| Which male accessory gland lies inferior to the urinary bladder and surrounds the urethra like a donut? | Prostate |
| Which of the following is are the most reliable form of contraception? | Oral contraceptives |
| The outer serosal layer of the uterus is the_____ | Perimetrium |
| A procedure used to obtain enough fetal tissue for genetic disorders without culturing cells is called | Chronic Villi biopsy |
| After birth, the formen ovale is closed as a result of | Increasing pressure in the left atrium |
| A person with type A blood could have the genotype | lAlA or lAlO |
| The ____ is the early pre-embryonic stage that implants in the uterine lining | Blastocyst |
| Which of the following terms is/are correctly defined? | All of the above |
| The first female menstrual cycle is called menarche | TRUE |
| Which factors favors spermatozoa development | Temperature of 34oC |
| Cleavage is an early process of division that causes an increase in the size of the embryo | FALSE |
| The foramen ovale is an opening that allows fetal blood to pass from the | Right atrium to the left atrium |
| A major difference between fetal blood flow and adult blood flow is that in the fetus the | Inferior vena cava contains blood high in oxygen |
| Which of the following is true regarding egg cells? | They always contain an X chromosome |
| The hormone responsible for the development and maintenance of males secondary sexual characteristics is | Testosterone |
| Following birth the infants metabolic rate | Increases and its oxygen consumption increases |
| Sperm cells die immediately when they are released from the body and are placed in a petri plate | FALSE |
| A number of hormonal secretions begin or increase during puberty. Which hormone appears to initiate the process of puberty? | Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) |
| Women athletes sometimes experience disturbances in their menstrual cycles because of | Decreased synthesis of estrogens |
| If a Y bearing sperm fertilizes a normal egg the zygote should exhibit the make genotype | TRUE |
| In a fetus the umbilical arteries arise from the renal arteries | FALSE |
| The movement of an egg down a uterine tube is aided by ciliary action | TRUE |
| Which layer of the uterus is shed once monthly during menstruation? | The endometrium |
| As a rule during adulthood | All of the above |
| Hemophilia is | Characterized by a defect in the clotting mechanism |
| The process of growing old is called senescence | TRUE |
| Females produce hundreds of oocytes each month in comparison to the millions of sperm cells produced int he same age male | FALSE |
| The superior region of the vagina is the ___ | Fornix |
| Ovulation appears to be triggered by a midcycle surge in | Luteinizing hormone (LH) |
| A color blind male always receives the colorblind gene from his mother | TRUE |
| The first step in oogenesis is a | Primary oocyte divides to form a secondary oocyte and a first polar body |
| In an adult the proximal portions of the umbilical arteries persist and supply blood to the urinary bladder | TRUE |
| The Y chromosone is the same size as the X chromosome the only difference is in the type of genes they contain | FALSE |
| The particular combination of genes present within a zygote constitutes its genotype | TRUE |
| Hyperemesis gravidarium is excessive vomiting during pregnancy | TRUE |
| The placenta is composed of tissues from the | Mother and embryo |
| What portion of the sperm cell contains they twenty three chromosomes? | HEAD |
| Egg cells are transported in the female reproductive tract by ____ whereas sperm are transported in the male reproductive tract by the ____ | Action of ciliated epithelium in the uterine tubes; movement of their tails |
| The neonatal period of development extends from birth to the end of one year | FALSE |
| The selnder projections that grow out from the trophoblast into the uterine wall are called the amniotic cavities | FALSE |
| As a group the structures of the femal reproductive system that surrounds the openings to the urethra and vagina comprise the mons pubis | False |
| The tubular portion of the uterus that extends downward into the upper part of the vagina is the | CERVIX |
| An ovary is held in position by the broad ligament suspensory ligament and ovarian ligament | TRUE |
| Which cells are the earliest in the male sequence of meiosis? | PRimary spermatocyte |
| The implantation of an embryo is aided by digestive enzymes that the embryo secretes | TRUE |
| The epididymis is a ___ and it functions to____ | Tightly coiled tube on the outside of the testis; store immature sperm as they mature |
| The testes in the male and ovaries in the female can both be found in the pelvic cavity of an early fetus | TRUE |
| The superior portion of the uterus is the _____ | Fundus |
| The female structure that corresponds to the male penis is the | Clitoris |
| Which structure is formed following ovulation? | Corpus luteum |
| The amount of testosterone in the blood is increased by | LH causing the interstitial cells to release testosterone |
| The interstitial cells of the testes produce | Testosterone |
| The largest component of the uterus by weight is the____ | Myometrium |
| Sperm cells are produced by the germinal epithelial cells that line the seminiferous tubules | TRUE |
| A vasectomy is the male equivalent of tubal ligation regarding efficiency of contraception | TRUE |
| In females what structure is located immediately anterior to the vagina? | Urethra |
| The cells of a blastocyst that gives rise to the body of the developing offspring constitute the | Inner cell mass |
| What is the source of the male androgen testosterone? | Interstitial cells |
| An eptopic pregnancy occurs when an embryo begins development | Outside the uterus |
| The initiation of puberty and menses in a female involves increased levels of _____ | FSH and LH |
| What is the name for the primary human sex organs? | Gonads |
| Which sexually transmitted disease is also associated with pelvic inflammatory disease and infertility in females? | Chlamydia infection |
| In females egg cell production begins at birth | TRUE |
| Oral contraceptives usually contain doses of estrogen and progesterone and act by disrupting FSH and LH | TRUE |
| The adolescent period begins at the end of the first year and is completed at puberty | FALSE |
| Whcih gland lies at the inferior base of the urinary bladder? | PROSTATE |
| In an adult heart the previous location of the formen ovale is marked by a depression called the fossa ovalis | TRUE |
| Within a set of human chromosomes 22 pairs are called autosomes | TRUE |
| The hormone oxytocin aids the birth process by stimulating | Uterine wall contractions |
| About the time of ovulation the anterior pituitary gland releases a relatively large quantity of | LH |
| The amount of testosterone produced is regulated by a positive feedback system | FALSE |
| The vagina is anterior to the bladder and posterior to the rectum | FALSE |
| How many mature functional follicles will a female produce in a lifetime? | 400 |
| The hormones mainly responsible for maintaining the uterine wall during the last 5-6 months of pregnancy are | Placental estrogen and pregesterone |
| The hormone mainly responsible for the development and maintenance of female secondary sexual characteristics is | Estrogen |
| In the menstrual cycle estrogen functions to ______ whereas progesterone functions to _____ | Stimulate uterine wall development; stimulate the uterine lining to become more glandular |
| Hysterectomy involves removal of the uterus and uterine tubes, therapeutically | TRUE |
| Which sperm structure contains enzymes that help penetrate ova? | Acrosome |
| Which of the following combinations would be needed to cause the development of dizygotic twins? | two egg cells and two sperm cells |
| The mature follicle is also called a ____ | Graafian follicle |
| The ductus arteriosus allows fetal blood to move from the | pulmonary trunk into the aorta |
| Undifferentiated spermatogenic cells are called | Spermatogonia |
| Specifically where are sperm cells formed within the testes? | Within the seminiferous tubules |
| The detection of the hormone ____ is the basis of most pregnancy tests | Human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) |
| The last fluid to be expelled from the urethra during ejaculation comes from the | Seminal vesicles |
| An egg cell with XX xhromosomes is fertilized by a Y bearing sperm and results in an individual with ____ which is characterized | Klinefelter's syndrome; tall stature, feminine musculature and partial development of the breasts |
| The outer layer of an ovary is similar to the tunica albuginea outer testis layer | TRUE |
| Amniotic fluid functions to | Protect the embryo against being jarred by movements of the Mother's body |
| Which of the following is true in regard to the determination of the gender of a baby? | The sex chromosome in the sperm determines the gender of the baby |
| As many as twenty primary follicles may reach full development at any one time | FALSE |
| Compared to males, who train for endurance events females who train for such events typically | Maintain a higher percentage of body fat |
| The period of development during which the contents of a zygote are divided into smaller and smaller cells is cleavage | TRUE |
| The total number of chromosomes found in a human zygote is 23 | FALSE |
| The symptoms of fetal alcohol syndrome include | All of the above |
| Male reproductive functions are controlled mainly by hormones from the hypothalamus and | Anterior pituitary gland and testes |
| Which of the following correctly describes the mechanism that causes an erection? | None of the above |
| As a result of the foramen ovale blood is allowed to bypass the | Lungs |
| Female atheletes usually experience menstrual cycles with excessive loss of blood | FALSE |
| Which of the following structures are unpaired? | Prostate gland |
| The vas deferens connects to the urethra at the base of the penis | FALSE |
| The primary function of surfactant is to increase surface tension within the newborns lungs | FALSE |
| The epididymis is a coiled tubule on the surface of the testes that store sperm cells | TRUE |
| The ductus venosus is a fetal vessel that functions to transport blood from the umbilical vein to the | inferior vena cava |
| The functions of the placenta are to allow | Oxygen and nutrients to diffuse from maternal blood through the placental membrane into the embryo |
| The testes originate from tissue located behind the parietal pleura | FALSE |
| Which structure is not found within the spermatic cord? | Urethra |
| MEnopausal females often experience unpleasant symptoms such as "hot flashes" as a result of | An increase in gonadotropin concentration and a decrease in estrogen concentration |
| An increase in the hormone FSH at approximately 14 causes ovulation | FALSE |
| Most commonly a blastocyst becomes implanted in the uterine | Upper posterior wall |
| Following ovulation a human egg cell can survive approximately | 24 hours |
| The embryonic membrane that functions to form blood cells and gives rise to cells destined to become sex cells is chorion | FALSE |
| A blastomere is a ____ and a blastocyst is ____ | cell produced by cleavage; a hollow ball of cells |
| Spermicidal foams and creams are an effecive means of contraception | FALSE |
| Which of the following terms is correctly defined? | Cryptorchidism is the failure of testes to descend into scrotum |
| The most commonly usec oral contraceptives contain | Synthetic estrogen and progesterone |
| If an egg cell without an X chromosome is fertilized by an X bearing sperm cell then this will result in | Turner's Syndrome |
| If the parent genotypes are AA and aa the offspring are expected to be | All Aa |
| An inguinal hernia occurs when the testes is pushed into the inguinal canal and enters the pelvic cavity | FALSE |
| If the testes fail to descend a male is infertile because sperm cell formation is prevented by | Relatively high internal body temperature |
| Choosing from the following list the most effective means of preventing ceonception is | Tubal ligation |
| The placental membrane is composed of | A double layer of epithelial cells |
| Some factors that help to stimulate the newborns first breath are increasing CO2, decreasing pH, decreasing O2, decreasing body temperature, and mechanical stimulation | TRUE |
| The major hormonal changes that occur in the maternal body during pregnancy are | Placental tissues secrete high amounts of estrogen and progesterone |
| A pap smear is used to detect the presence of abnormal cells in the | Cervix |
| During spermatogenesis which stage is the first to be haploid in number of chromosomes? | Secondary spermatocyte |
| Teh fetal blood that passes through the ductus venosus is relatively | High in oxygen and nutrients |
| During ovulation a(n) _______ is released from the ovary | Secondary oocyte |
| Factors that can cause congenital malformations by affecting an embryo during its periods of rapid growth and development are called teratogens | TRUE |
| If the parent genotypes are both Aa and Aa the only possible genotype for the offspring is Aa | FALSE |
| Which of the following is not a charcteristic of childhood? | Becoming reproductively functional |
| The term new born refers to the period from birth through ____ whereas the term infant refers to the period from____ T | he first four weeks; the first month to 1 year |
| Fertilization normally occurs in the | Uterine (fillopian) tube |
| What is the purpose of polar bodies during oogenesis? | Polar bodies serve both serve both as a dumping ground for extra sets of chromosomes and ensure that the ovum will have most of the cytoplasm |
| For most women who decide to breast feed it will be easier to become pregnant during the first month after delivery than it will be one year later | FALSE |
| Which of the following provides the main source of energy for a newborn duing its first few days? | FAT |
| Down syndrome is caused by | An extra |
| A gene that is not expressed in the heterozygous condition is called | Recessive |
| Incomplete dominance is defined as | Gene pairs occuring in 2 forms that are expressed differently and neither is dominant to the other |
| The yolk sac functions to | Form blood cells in early development |
| After birth the ductus arteriosus constricts and becomes the ligamentum arteriosum | TRUE |
| When the alleles of a gene pair are identical they are said to be | Homozygous |
Created by:
jmpaden01
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