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Cell

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TermDefinition
Cell The basic unit of structure and function in living things.
Microscope An instrument that makes smaller things look larger.
Cell Theory Living things are made of cells.
Organelle A tiny cell structure that carries out a specific function within the cell.
Cell Wall The rigid supporting layer that surrounds the cells of plants and some other organisms.
Cell Membrane A thin, flexible barrier that surrounds a cell and controls which substances pass into and out of a cell.
Cytoplasm A clear, gel-like fluid.
Nucleus A large oval organelle that contains the cell's genetic material in the form of DNA and controls many of the cell's activities.
Mitochondria Convert energy stored in food to energy the cell can use to live and function. They are the "powerhouses" of the cell.
Chloroplast An organelle in the cells of plants and some other organisms that captures energy from sunlight and changes it to an energy form that cells can use in making food. The function of the chloroplast is to make food, in the form of sugar, for the cell.
Vacuole A sac-like organelle that stores water, food, or other materials needed by the cell. Vacuoles also store waste products until the wastes are removed. In some plants, vacuoles also perform digestion like lysosomes in animal cells
Ribosomes An organelle that is the site where protein is built in the cell. DNA, genetic code, is used to build proteins at this organelle.
Golgi Apparatus, Golgi, or Golgi Body Stores, modifies and packages proteins; gets proteins ready for specific functions and prepares them for transport.
Lysosome Involved in cleanup in the cell; digests and recycles materials in the cell. It is also involved in waste removal.
Nucleotide Basic unit or building block of DNA & RNA; composed of a sugar, a phosphate, and a nucleic acid
DNA Backbone Form the sides of the DNA/RNA molecule; made of sugar and phosphate
Translation Process that decodes mRNA to make proteins
Transcription Process by which messenger RNA is synthesized from a DNA template
Gene Part of DNA sequence that codes for a specific trait
Chromosome Single molecule of DNA bonded to various proteins and that carries the genes determining heredity
Selectively Permeable Allowing some materials through the cell membrane and not others
Diffusion The process by which molecules move from an area of higher concentration to an area of low concentration
Osmosis The diffusion of water molecules across a selectively permeable membrane
Endocytosis Some materials such as food particles are too large to cross a cell membrane, in a process called endocytosis the cell membrane takes particles into the cell my changing shape and engulfing the particles.
Exocytosis The reverse of endocytosis, exocytosis has the vacuole fuse with the cell membrane, forcing the contents out of the cell.
Cell cycle When a cell grows, prepares for division, and divides to form two daughter cells (who then repeat the cycle)
Interphase The first stage of the cell cycle before cell division begins where the cell grows, makes a copy of its DNA, and prepares to divide.
Replication When a cell makes a copy of the DNA in its nucleus before cell division
Mitosis When the cell's nucleus divides into two new nuclei and one set of DNA is distributed into each daughter cell
Cytokinesis This stage completes cell division, during cytokinesis the cell's cytoplasm divides, distributing the organelles into each of the two new daughter cells, when cytokinesis is complete each cell has the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell.
Photosynthesis The process by which plants and other autotrophs capture and use light energy to make food from carbon dioxide and water.
Autotroph An organism that is able to capture energy from sunlight or chemicals and use it to produce its own food
Heterotroph An organism that cannot make its own food and gets food by consuming other living things
Chlorophyll A green photosynthetic pigment found in the chloroplasts of plants, algae, and some bacteria
Cellular Respiration The process in which oxygen and glucose undergo a complex series of chemical reactions inside cells, releasing energy.
Fermentation The process by which cells release energy by breaking down food molecules without using oxygen.
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