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Sensation&Perception
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Perception | Active process of selecting, processing, organizing, and interpreting info |
| Sensory | Intake, sensory info, physiological/ phyicals |
| What perception includes | - Builds on the senses - Neural signals - Psychological/ mental - Interpretation |
| What sensation includes | - Top-down processing - Bottom- up processing |
| Top-down processing | Based on knowledge, expectations and past experiences |
| Bottom- up processing | Objective/ generalized knowledge, based on physical features of stimulus |
| Distal stimulus | Real object/ event in the world, objective |
| Proximal stimulus | Engergies from the outside world that actually reach us, subjective - Need both qualitative and quantitative info |
| Phychophysics | Approach to perception that relates characteristics of physical stimuli to sensory experiences |
| Sensory threshold | How intense the stimuli is |
| Absolute Threshold | Smallest quantity of a stimulus that an individual can detect |
| Difference threshold | Smallest amount given stimulus must be increased or decreased so that an individual can detect the difference |
| Webers Law | Noticeable difference between two stimuli |
| Signal Detection Theory (SDT) | Theory of perception based on the idea of stimulus requires a judgement it is not an all-or-nothing process |
| Signal presented participant detects it | Hit |
| Participant detects signal but the signal is not presented | False alarm |
| Signal is not presented participant does not detect it | Correct rejection |
| Response bias | Participants tendency to report or not report detecting the signal in an ambiguous trial, they will either need a great deal of evidence that the signal is present or need very little |
| Sensory adaptation | Decrease in senstivity to constant level of stimulation, goes away completely |
| Proprioceptive | Spatial relations |
| Visions | Stimulus light waves |
| Receptors | Light sensitive rods and cones in retina of eye - Only see a small fraction of the electromagnetic spectrum, optic nerve |
| Hue | Separates red from green |
| Brightness | Differniates black from white distinguishes all shades of grey; same for color |
| Saturation | Purity of a color |
| Transduced | Translated into chemical and electrical signals that are transmitted to the brain |
| Hearing stimuli | Sound waves |
| Taste stimuli | Molecules dissolved in fluid on tongue |
| Smell stimuli | Molecules dissolved in fluid on membranes in the nose |
| How does hearing get tranduced? | Recpetors: Receptors: pressure- sensitive hair class in cochlea of inner ear Pathways to the brain: auditory nerve |
| How does taste get transduced? | Receptors: cells in taste buds on tongue Pathways to brain: portions of facial, glossopharynged and vagus nerves |
| How does smell get transduced? | Receptors: Sensitive ends of olfactory mucous neurons in the mucous membranes Pathways to the brain: Olfactory nerve |
| Touch stimuli | Pressure on the skin |
| How is touch transduced? | Receptors: Sensitive ends of touch neurons in skin Pathways to the brain: cranial nerves for touch about the neck, spinal nerves for touch elsewhere |
| Qualitative | Info consists of the degree, or magnitude of these qualities Including: loudness/ softness of a sound or saltiness or sweetness of a food |
| Quantitative | Info consists of the degree or magnitude of these qualities |
| What do bright lights do? | Causes receptors to fire more rapidly (at a higher freq) than a dim light |
| How do sensory receptors work? | Respond to quantitative differences by firing at different rates |
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