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Substance Disorders
Ch 14 - Substance Use & Gambling Disorders
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Substance Use Disorder | Chronic difficulties involving the use of substances or engaging in gambling behavior that cause extreme distress and/or impair functioning |
| Substance | any natural or synthesized produce that has psychoactive effects (changes in perceptions, thoughts, emotions, behaviors) |
| Substance Intoxication | set of behavioral & psychological changes that occur because of the physiological effects of a substance on the central nervous system |
| What does Substance Intoxication depend on? | - type & amount of substance ingested - user's biochemistry - setting/environment - method of ingestion |
| Substance Abuse | when use results in significant harmful consequences such as: - failure to meet obligations - using in physically hazardous situations - legal & social problems |
| Substance Dependence | - given to those who meet the criteria known as "addiction" |
| Tolerance | experiencing diminished effects from the same dose of a substance (or needing more to achieve effects) |
| Substance Withdrawal | set of physiological & behavioral symptoms that result from discontinuing a substance after a prolonged period of heavy use |
| Substance Use Disorder Criteria | - impaired control - social impairment - risky use - pharamcological criteria |
| Impaired Control | - taken in larger amounts over a longer period of time - craves the use of substance - feels ongoing desire to cut down/control substance abuse - spends too much time obtaining, using, or recovering |
| Social Impairment | - dysfunction at home, work, or school - work, recreational, or social activities abandoned due to substance - used even when problems are caused or worsened by substance |
| Risky Use | - used in physically dangerous situations - used when aware of physical/psychological problems |
| Pharmacological Criteria | - changes in tolerance - withdrawal symptoms |
| How many criteria must be met to diagnose Substance Use Disorder? | only TWO out of the ELEVEN |
| What are the five major substance categories? | - Depressants - Stimulants - Opioids/Narcotics - Hallucinogens / PCP - Cannabis |
| Depressants | slow the CNS |
| What are some depressants? | Alcohol, Benzos, Barbiturates |
| What are intoxication symptoms of depressants? | Slurred speech & sleepiness |
| What are withdrawal symptoms of depressants? | insomnia & nausea/vomiting |
| Alcohol | most used legal substance |
| How does alcohol affect the brain? | triggers release of dopamine |
| What does alcohol increase the risk of? | dementia |
| what type of alcohol can improve cardiovascular health? | red wine |
| How does alcohol affect people in low doses? | increased self confidence, relaxation, euphoria |
| How does alcohol affect people in high doses? | depression, fatigue, lethargy |
| Binge Drinking | women - 4+ drinks in 2 hours men - 5+ drinks in 2 hours |
| 1st Stage of Alcohol Withdrawal | weakness, sweating, anxiety, nausea, EEG pattern abnormal |
| 2nd Stage of Alcohol Withdrawal | 2nd / 3rd day seizures |
| 3rd Stage of Alcohol Withdrawal | - Delirium Tremens - fever - sweating - death via hyperthermia |
| Delirium Tremens | auditory, visual, & tactile (scary) hallucinations |
| What are the long-term effects of alcohol misuse? | - hypertension - cancer - malnourishment - dementia |
| Alcohol Prevalence | - more common in adults, men, & latinx (teens), & native americans |
| alcohol development & course | - first episode mid-teens, age of onset by late 30s - comorbid w/ CD 7 ASPD |
| Benzos & Barbiturates | legally manufactured & sold by prescription as sedatives for treating anxiety & insomnia |
| Stimulants | excite/activate the CNS |
| Stimulant Effects | speed up breathing, heart rate, & improve mood |
| What happens when you abuse stimulants? | panic attacks, constrict blood vessels, difficulty breathing, decreases sleep |
| Types of stimulants | - nicotine - caffine - ampetamines/meth - cocaine - crack - crystal meth - adderal/ritalin |
| What is a form of freebase cocaine boiled down into chunks and smoked? | crack |
| What are intoxication symptoms of cocaine and amphetamines? | rapid heartbeat & weight loss |
| What are withdrawal symptoms of cocaine & amphetamines? | increased appetite, fatigue |
| Cocaine | produces an instant rush of intense euphoria |
| Amphetamines (meth) | Release the neurotransmitters dopamine & norepinephrine & block their reuptake |
| What is one of the most addictive substances? | Nicotine |
| What is the most heavily used stimulant? | Caffeine |
| What are stimulants prescribed for? | treatment of attention problems, narcolepsy, & chronic fatigue |
| Opioids/Narcotics | produce euphoria & decrease pain |
| Where do natural opioids come from? | sap of opium poppy |
| Types of opioids/narcotics | morphine, opium, heroin, oxycodone/oxycontin, vicodin, percocet, methadone |
| Intoxication symptoms of opioids | constricted pupils, drowsiness |
| Withdrawal symptoms of opioids | dilated pupils, insomnia |
| What are negative side effects of ecstasy? | reduced serotonin levels, lowered attention & memory, liver failure, cardiac problems |
| Inhalants | depress the CNS |
| Hallucinogens | can cause (dramatic) hallucinations, or sensations & images that seem real but aren’t |
| What does using hallucinogens increase the risk of? | Hallucinogen Persisting Perception Disorder (HPPD) or Perma-tripping, or persistent psychosis |
| Dissociative Drugs | cause users to feel dissociated; out of control or disconnected from their body & environment |
| What do Hallucinogens and PCP act on? | serotonin & glutamate |
| Hallucinogen Intoxication Symptoms | dilated pupils, paranoia |
| PCP Intoxication Symptoms | seizures/coma, hypertension |
| Types of Hallucinogens | PCP, peyote, ectasy/MDMA/molly, ketamine |
| The "pleasure pathway" begins in which region of the brain? | Ventral tegmental area of midbrain |
| Cannabis names | marijuana, weed, pot, grass, reefer, mary jane |
| Cannabis is what in the US? | most used ILLEGAL drug |
| What does weed increase the risk of? | developing a psychotic disorder |
| Cannabis intoxication symptoms | red eyes, increased appetite |
| cannabis withdrawal symptoms | nervousness/anxiety, decreased appetite |
| the treatment of substance-related disorders may help only what percent of people with substance user disorders abstain for up to 1 year? | 17-35% |
| What drugs block or change the effects of the addictive drug, reducing the desire for it? | Antagonist drugs |
| What are some antagonist drugs? | Naltrexone, naloxone, acamprosate, & disulfiram |
| What is true about environmental reinforcements and punishments and substance use? | Societies that discourage the use of substances experience low rates of substance use and dependence. |
| Biological Factors | - alteration in reward center = craving - dopamine receptors become less sensitive - cravings associated w/ conditioning - genetic factors related to rewarding effects of substances |
| Psychological Factors | - modeling - expectations of alcohol - behavioral undercontrol (impulsivity) |
| Biological Treatments | - antianxiety drugs - antidepressants - drug antagonists - methadone (less severe than normal opioid) |
| What was a large, multisite clinical trial that compared three interventions in terms of effectiveness? | Project MATCH |
| Behavioral Treatments | - aversive classical conditioning |
| Cognitive Treatments | - CBT - Motivation Interviewing |
| Motivation Interviewing | Elicits & solidifies clients’ motivation & commitment to changing their substance use |
| what percent of alcohol dependents or abusers seek treatment? | 25% |
| Which barriers exist that are preventing widespread adoption of telemedicine? | financial concern, legal issues, & current regulations |
| Gambling Disorder | persistent & recurrent problematic gambling behavior leading to clinically significant impairment or distress |
| Gambling Disorder Treatment | CBT - changes beliefs about having control over gambling outcomes & develops new coping strategies to replace gambling |
Created by:
Kolohegirl
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