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AP PSYCH FINAL
AP PSYCH Final 12/19
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| psychology | scientific study of behavior and mental processes |
| psychiatry | type of psychology that is focused on diagnosing, treating, and curing mental, emotional, and behavioral disorders |
| nature v nurture | nature- most ideas thoughts traits etc are passed down genetically nurture- mind was a blank slate upon which experience creates |
| psychoanalytical approach | Sigmund Freud unconscious mind psychoanalytic theory iceberg theory defense mechanisms |
| biological approach | Hippocrates genetics glands hormones chemicals pre-wired personality |
| humanistic approach | Maslow Carl Rogers gives us the most freedom to choose our behavior and personality hierarchy of needs self actualization |
| cognitive approach | Julian rotter mental processes internal and external locus of control |
| sociocultural approach | Zimbardo #1 approach today cultural norms, values, and expectation |
| clinical psychology | provides continuing and comprehensive help for mental illness medically |
| counseling psychology | focus or normative developmental and mental health issues and challenges faced by individuals |
| psychopharmacology | study of use of medications in treating mental disorders |
| psychometrics | quantification and measurement of mental attributes |
| research psychologist | use scientific methods to examine questions and test hypothesis |
| applied psychologist | how to put/ apply psychological theories to everyday life |
| industrial psychologist | scientifically based solutions to human problems in work or other organizational settings |
| theory | a claim that is tested |
| hypothesis | a testable statement (if then statement) |
| case study | a thorough study of a single person |
| naturalistic observation | behavior is observed in a natural setting |
| correlation/ causation | correlation- something seems to be connected, circumstantial causation- they are directly linked |
| survey | questionnaires and/or interviews that are used to gather information |
| experiment/filed/lab | investigation in which a hypothesis is tested |
| control group | group that isn't experimented on |
| experimental group | group that is experimented on |
| independent variable | variable that is being changed by the scientists |
| dependent variable | variable that is being measured or tested in an experiment |
| confounding variables | variables that could skew the outcome |
| random sampling | randomly select participants for a study so everyone has an even chance of being selected |
| placebo | a treatment that seems to be real but really has no effect |
| single/double blind studies | single- participants don't know what treatment group they are in but the researchers do double- neither the participants or researchers know the treatment groups |
| researcher/hindsight bias | researcher- encouraging one answer over another hindsight- "i knew it all along" |
| empiricism | based on concerned with or verifiable by observation or experience rather than theory or pure logic |
| central nervous system | decision maker brain spinal cord |
| peripheral nervous system | gathers and transmits the decisions |
| neurons afferent | towards brain |
| neurons efferent | away from brain |
| neurons sensory | detect physical and chemical changes |
| neurons motor | outgoing messages to the muscles |
| dendrite | receiving end, listeners |
| axon | transmitter, carries message |
| myelin sheath | makes neuron transmission move faster |
| threshold | value of the membrane potential that leads to the all or nothing initiation of action potential |
| synapse | space between terminal buttons and dendrites |
| nodes of ranvier | gaps in the mylien sheath |
| neurotransmitters | inhibitory v. excitatory |
| acetylcholine | new memories are formed |
| endorphins | elevate mood and decrease pain |
| serotonin | low levels = depression |
| sympathetic nervous system | stress response center |
| parasympathetic nervous system | balances sympathetic system |
| hindbrain | controls basic life support system |
| midbrain | between old and new brain |
| forebrain | 'new brain' |
| medulla | hindbrain heartbeat/breathing |
| cerebellum | coordinates movement, judges time, non-verbal learning |
| thalamus | relay center |
| hypothalamus | body maintenance |
| reticular formation | collections of brain stem neurons that relay vital messages for survival |
| amygdala | hottest aggression and deepest fears |
| limbic system | midbrain |
| basal ganglia | collection of neurons that are responsible for motor control |
| frontal lobe | broca's area motor cortex |
| parietal lobe | somatosensory cortex |
| occipital lobe | visual cortex |
| temporal lobe | auditory cortex wernicke's area |
| cerebral cortex | covering over cerebellum mass full of neurons |
| motor cortex | motor skills |
| sensory cortex | skin senses |
| broca's area | LEFT ONLY muscles involved in producing speech |
| wernicke's area | LEFT ONLY comprehension |
| corpus callosum | connecting point between halves of brain |
| endocrine system | slower acting than nervous system Gland Man |
| adrenal glands | adrenaline |
| pituitary gland | growth |
| thyroid gland | controls metabolism |
| gonads | reproductive glands |
| testosterone | male hormone |
| estrogen | female hormone |
| androgen | male sex hormone |
| split brain therapy | two halves of brain don't communicate |
| MRI | magnetic field to see the density of brain material |
| PET | what areas of the brain are most active doing certain tasks |
| CAT | x-ray structure of the brain |
| EEG | look at brain waves |
| Lesioning | precise removal of brain tissue |
| receptive/expressive aphasia | recpetive - someone is able to speak well but what they say might not make sense expressive - cannot speak but has comprehension |
| parkinsons disease | movement disorder of the nervous system that gets worse over time |
| sensation | process of receiving information from the environment |
| perception | selecting and interpreting information from environment |
| absolute threshold | the point in which a stimulus can be detected 50% of the time |
| just noticeable difference (JND) | minimal change in stimulation that can be detected 50% of the time |
| weber's law | JND is proportional and varies from stimuli to stimuli |
| sensory adaptation | decline in receptor activity when stimuli remains constant |
| habituation | sensitivity to stimuli declines after repeated stimuli, but will activate with increase/decrease in stimuli |
| hue | subjective quality of color |
| intensity (eye) | minimum luminescence required to produce a visual sensation |
| cornea | protective layer of eye, outer surface |
| iris | muscle in eye |
| pupil | dilates and constricts depending on amount of light |
| lens | bends light to form image |
| retina | hundreds of thousands of receptor cells TRANSDUCTION |
| cones | center of retina detects color in brighter light |
| rods | periphery of retina see at night, no color |
| accommodation | when new information or existing information effect your schemas |
| optic nerve | where axons are located to send messages to the brain |
| blind spot | optic nerve where all the axons pass out of the eye to the brain |
| ganglion cells | relay information from retina to optic nerve |
| bipolar cells | transmits impulses from eye and transfers them to ganglion cells |
| Young- Helmholtz Theory | we only have 3 types of color receptors |
| opponent process theory | each cone has opposite color on it two colors on each cone |
| color constancy | ability to perceive colors as relatively constant over varying illuminations |
| audition | energy sense sound waves |
| frequency | frequency of neural impulses sent up auditory nerve |
| pitch | number of waves per seconds that pass a certain point |
| intensity (ear) | minimum amount of noise in order to stimulate hearing |
| middle ear | malleus incus stapes |
| inner ear | semicircular cochlea |
| pinna | outer ear |
| cochlea | TRANSDUCTION |
| basilar membrane | contains hair cells and act as the sensory receptors in the ear |
| somatosensation | touch |
| pressure, temp, and pain in relation to touch | 3 skin senses lips and nose are most sensitive to pressure ; toes are least |
| gate control theory | some people are wired to feel more pain and vice versa |
| kinesthesis | our body knows where are limbs are in relation to eachother |
| validity | it accurate and precise |
| reliability | if something is the same over multiple experiments |
| bell curve | continuous probable distribution that is symmetrical on both sides of the mean |
| standard deviation | how spread out the data set is |
| mean | average of the data set |
| median | middle values |
| mode | highest repeated number |
| type A | high achievement, competitiveness, impatience |
| type B | easy-going, flexible |
| personality | a person'a characteristics patters of thinking, feeling, and acting |
| id | immediate gratification little devil |
| ego | reality principle |
| superego | conscious, knowing right from wrong little angel |
| defense mechanisms | what ego uses in order to cope |
| repression | preventing thoughts from entering consciousness |
| regression | going backward to an earlier stage of development |
| projection | seeing your own thoughts or motives in others |
| sublimation | channeling prohibited impulses into socially acceptable activities |
| thematic apperception test (TAT) | show someone a photos and have them create a story |
| trait | characteristics |
| personality inventory | long questionnaires that assess several traits at once |
| MMPI | personality inventroy test personality test |
| self actualization | becoming the best version of yourself |
| self esteem | how we value and perceive ourselves |
| external locus of control | destiny or luck |
| internal locus of control | in control |
| gesalt | belief that when we see information we look for patterns |
| figure ground | objects related to their surrounding |
| grouping | proximity similarity continuation closure How we group things together |
| proximity | closer together GROUPING |
| similarity | color, size, shape GROUPING |
| continuation | the ability to create continuous patterns |
| closure | fill in the blank GROUPING |
| depth perception | two types monocular binocular how we perceive distance |
| visual cliff | used to investigate depth perception |
| binocular cues | using both eyes |
| monocular cues | using one eye |
| retinal disparity | left and right vision give different images when focusing on a single object |
| convergence | finer focus Binocular |
| relative size | similar objects can differ in size smaller = further away larger = closer |
| linear perspective | train tracks |
| perceptual constancy | keeping an object constant even though on retina it is consistently change (light, angle, distance) |
| ESP | telepathy |
| parapsychology | the study of things that cannot be proved using scientific psychology |
| olfaction | sense of smell |
| cilia | microscopic hair-like cells on the surface of cells that beat in unison to create movement |
| gustation | taste |
| papillae (taste buds ) | packed together = no hot food (tasters) loosly packed = hot food (non tasters) |
| consciousness | level of awareness about yourself and your surroundings |
| subconsciousness | monitoring things you are not attending to in conscious awareness |
| unconscious | repressed thoughts, dreams, odd behavior |
| circadian rhythm | body's clock |
| REM | rapid eye movement barely asleep |
| NREM | stages of sleep |
| alpha waves | awake |
| delta waves | NREM 3 deep sleep |
| insomnia | dissatisfaction of one's amount of sleep |
| narcolepsy | affects the brains ability to control sleep-wake cycles |
| sleep apnea | cannot reach NREM 3 (deep sleep) |
| night terrors | sit up and scream |
| incubus attacks | hallucination of an incubus on your chest |
| nightmares | disturbing dream associated with bad feelings that awakens you |
| manifest content | the actual images, thoughts, and content contained within the dream |
| latent content | symbolic meaning of a dream |
| hypnosis | brink of awareness but instead of perceiving your surrounding, you perceive your emotions and memories |
| posthypnotic amnesia | difficulty remembering after hypnosis |
| psychoactive drug | can alter state of consciousness by affecting state of behavior, mood, and perception |
| tolerance | must make more of the substance to create the same effect |
| depressents | sedatives alcohol |
| hallucinogens | LSD marijuana PCP serotonin |
| stimulants | cocaine meth nicotine caffeine excite neural activity |
| withdrawal | is use of substance is stopped then there would be physical and psychological effects |
| developmental psychology | study of why and how human functioning delevops and changes over time |
| chromosomes | rod shaped structures in DNA and genes found on them |
| genes | code that DNA is arranged into |
| recessive genes | a gene that carries information to DNA |
| dominant genes | expresses itself more dominantly than other genes |
| maturation | sequence of growth and change relatively independent of external events |
| schema | person's knowledge about a situation |
| assimilation | making new information fit within your existing world |
| sensorimotor stage | birth - 2 yrs investigative actions and consequences object permanance developed |
| object permanence | ability to understand that even though you cannot see something, it is there |
| ego centrism | only aware of their perspective |
| peroperational stage | 2-7 yrs start to use language to represent objects thinking occurs but it is absent |
| conservation | amount stays the same even though shape changes |
| concrete operational stage | 8-12 yrs conservation takes place can draw a map - start to see overall picture |
| formal operational stage | 12 - start to think in abstract terms |
| preconventional | youngest group made decisions to avoid punishment, how would action affect them |
| post conventional | true moral reasoning societal rules are not blindly followed |
| conventional | moral reasoning is based off of how others will see your actions social approval |
| psychosexual development | sensual pleasure of the world freud |
| latency stage | 6-12 development of moral code, defense mechanisms |
| phallic stage | gender identity |
| genital stage | focus on sexual pleasure through sex organs |
| anal stage | toilet training |
| erik erikson | psychosocial stages |
| piaget | 4 stages of cognitive development |
| kohlberg | morality development |
| freud | psychosexual stages |
| oedipus complex | child's attachment to the parent of the opposite sex |
| fixation (freud) | if one of the psychosexual stages was not fulfilled then they will have a fixation on that stage |
| william james | 1 president of APA first major psychology book |
| wilhelm wundt | set up first psychological lab |
| sigmund frued | psychoanalysis, unconscious mind, psychosexual approach |
| carl jung | analytical psychology |
| harry harlow | maternal seperation dependency needs social isolation experiments monkeys |
| abraham maslow | humanistic psychology hierarchy of needs |
| stanley milgram | milgram experiment learning and punishment |
| carl rogers | humanistic approach |
| philippe pinel | moral therapy |
| mary ainsworth | child psychology |
| charles darwin | theory of evolution evolutionary perspective |
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stella_koe
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