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Bio Psychology
LP Psychology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| two initial/main sections of the nervous system | peripheral and central nervous system |
| central nervous system | brain and spinal cord |
| peripheral nervous system | outside of cns goes to organ muscles glands etc. |
| what does the pns split into? | autonomic and somatic nervous system |
| what are the divisions of the ans? | sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions |
| sympathetic division | fight or flight response helps to deal with danger |
| parasympathetic division | rest and digest return to homeostasis |
| dendrite | picks up info from the previous neuron |
| node of ranvier gaps in the myelin sheath | speeds up the message |
| axon terminal/terminal button | where synaptic transmission occurs |
| nucleus controls the cell | contains DNA |
| axon | runs through myelin sheath from dendrite to axon terminal |
| myelin sheath | protects and stops the message leaving/escaping |
| sensory neuron | senses the messages carries it from pns and cns cell body in the centre |
| relay neuron | sends messages to and from the brain short axon quick messages |
| motor neuron | carries messages to effectors from the cns through the pns from cell body to dendrites long axon |
| relay neurons | short dendrites |
| synapse/synaptic cleft | the gap between neurons end of an axon and the start of dendrites |
| neurotransmitters | chemical messengers |
| pre-synaptic cleft | where the message comes from |
| post-synaptic cleft | where the message is received |
| can any neurotransmitter attach to any receptor | no they function like a lock and key |
| which systems work together to reach homeostasis | endocrine and nervous system |
| gland | organ that produces a hormone often attached to a major organ |
| process of fight or flight pns collects info of stress | informing cns/hypothalamus triggers sympathetic division and adrenaline is released changes from a ps state to a physiological sympathetic state once stress has passed |
| Broca's aphasia | damage to Broca's area means someone is unable to produce speech even though they understand language |
| Wernicke's aphasia speech | damage to Wernicke's area means someone is unable to understand language even though they can produce |
| motor cortex | located in the frontal lobe voluntary motor movements on both hemispheres |
| visual centres visual cortex | occipital lobe visual processing begins in retina nerve impulses from retina travel to areas of the brain via optic nerve both hemispheres different areas control different visual info e.g shape |
| auditory centres | temporal lobe |
| somatosensory cortex | detects sensory events from different regions parietal lobe processing of sensory info related to touch uses sensory info from skin to produce sensations like touch pressure |
| language centres | broca's area critical for speech production however neuroscientists have found when people perform cognitive tasks broca's area is active Frodorenko (2012) 2 regions |
| broca's area | treated 'Tan' (can only speak this one word can understand language) 8 other patients with lesions had similar language deficits but only when on the left hemisphere of the frontal lobe so the existence of language centre in back portion was identified |
| wernicke's area | back portion of left temporal lobe involved in understanding language lesions on wernicke's area can speak |
| which regions are close to the broca and wernicke's area? | motor and sensory |
| hemispheric lateralisation one side of the brain controls the other side of the body | |
| occipital lobe controls visual cortex and centres | |
| visual field the information processed from each section of the eye | |
| connection in the brain explanations air traffic and road network | |
| road network connections in the brain explanation new connections are built over old ones to carry/store new info | |
| air traffic connections in the brain explanation connections are made to new popular destinations and old ones are abandoned/restructured | |
| what happens when you gain new info a new neural pathway is created | using it more strengthens it |
| Maguire et al (2000) aim to investigate if neural networks in the brain needed to adapt to remember so much spatial memory | |
| Maguire et al (2000) method right handed male taxi drivers | right handed male non-taxi drivers MRI scanning of hippocampus (role in human memory) |
| Maguire et al (2000) results taxi drivers had a much larger posterior hippocampus | more neural pathways but their anterior was smaller (isn't the most important |
| Maguire et al (2000) conclusion neuroplasticity strengthened a neural network in the posterior hippocampus | as a result of long term |
| Elbert (1995) brain imaging to measure somatosensory cortex in musicians and a control group | right hemisphere is lager in musicians area representing the digits in the left hand was larger in musicians |
| Kuhn et al (2014) 23 p's played supermario increase in cortex | hippocampus and cerebellum |
| functional recovery following injury the unaffected area adapt to compensate heightened plasticity in first few weeks as neurorehabilitation takes place in this period | |
| axonal sprouting growth of new nerve endings which connect with undamaged nerve cells | |
| which connections are most likely to be lost in injury? the ones most commonly used | |
| What happens when secondary connections are activated/'unmasked'? 1) axonal sprouting 2) reformation of blood vessels 3) recruitment of similar areas on the opposite side to perform specific tasks | |
| Schneider et al (2014) cognitive reserve more time in education=increased chance of disability free recovery (DFR) 40% of patients with 16+ years achieved DFR 10% with less than 12 years achieved DFR keeping the brain active can prevent dementia | |
| constrained induced movement therapy (CIMT) forces patients to relearn the use of the weak side by preventing the use of the strong side | |
| CIMT advantages improves function through cortical reorganisation helps patients with aphasia and stroke damage can improve function in areas around the damage | |
| CIMT disadvantages frustrating training for hours a day only effective in mild to moderate cases needs to be intensive to be effective | |
| What are the 2 hemispheres in the brain connected by and communicate through? the corpus callosum ( a bundle of nerve fibres) | |
| Commissurotomy the severing of the corpus callosum connecting the hemispheres | |
| Sperry's split brain experiment (1968) aim to show the independent streams of conscious awareness possessed by each hemisphere and to show how each hemisphere has it's own memories | |
| Sperry's split brain experiment (1968) method 11 epileptic p's couldn't be treated with drugs already had corpus callosum split fixation point upright translucent screen slides projected either side (one field or other) 1/10 s tactile tasks | could only feel not see |
| Sperry's split brain experiment (1968) variations 1) describing what you see 2) recognition by touch 3) composite words 4) matching faces 5) drawing | |
| Sperry's split brain experiment (1968) describing what they see results when a picture of an object was shown to a patient's right visual field | could easily describe what was seen when shown to left visual field p's couldn't describe it (often report nothing is there |
| Sperry's split brain experiment (1968) drawing results could draw better with left hand right hemisphere was superior | |
| Sperry's split brain experiment (1968) recognition by touch results shown object in their left visual field they can pick up object with left hand | couldn't verbalise what they were selecting able to select an object associated two different objects in each hand the hidden for retrieval |
| Sperry's split brain experiment (1968) composite words results 2 words presented simultaneously | one on either side of visual field e.g key left |
| Sperry's split brain experiment (1968) face recognition/matching results split | left half woman and right half man say man (language centre |
| plasticity how the brain adapts based on circumstances | |
| fMRI (functional magnetic resonance imaging) can investigate structure/function during tasks more active areas need more oxygen and therefore blood so iron in haemoglobin is picked up and tracked | |
| no lie MRI US company | believe an MRI can predict 90% accuracy can be an evaluation point as a result of morals |
| fMRI strengths risk free no lasting damage not invasive high quality images | |
| fMRI weaknesses expensive and uncomfortable/claustrophobic poor temporal resolution ( approximately 5 seconds ) only measures blood flow not neuronal activity | |
| EEG ( electroencephalogram) electric activity electrodes on scalp detects small activity resulting from millions of neurons | |
| EEG strengths helps diagnose conditions e.g epilepsy helps understand sleep high temporal resolution ( no lag time) | |
| EEG weaknesses very generalised information not a clear image of the brain | |
| ERP ( event related potentials) measuring electrical activity that results from specific stimuli (events) inconsistent activity filtered out repeat many times identify consistent and repeating events | |
| ERP strengths high temporal resolution measures specific activity that relates to a specific task | |
| ERP weaknesses large repetition is required | takes time difficult to ensure extraneous noise etc is eliminated |
| post mortem examining structural damage to the brain after death establish how/what damage leads to specific deficits often on patients with rare deficits in mental processes or behaviour | |
| How were Broca and Wernicke's area discovered? they were discovered through post mortem | |
| post mortem strengths vital before neuroimaging allows exploration of deeper areas within the brain that's not possible through scans | |
| post mortem weaknesses difficult to establish causation of functions | not alive many factors that affect quality- e.g how long they've been dead |
| PET scan inject glucose solution with a radiotracer to track the radiation in the blood that flows to the area in use active-red and yellow less active-blue and green | |
| PET weakness radioactive substance | lack of protection from harm |
| PET strength see which area of the brain is active | more specific |
| CT scan x-rays | finds tumours and abnormalities |
| CT weaknesses cannot have more than 3 x-rays a year | risk of cancer etc. doesn't show where the function is happening |
| CT strength picks up tumours/abnormalities easily | |
| what are the three biological rythms? infradian circadian ultradian | |
| biological rythm happens frequently and repetitively | |
| circadian rythm once every 24 hours | e.g sleep wake cycle |
| exogenous Zeitgeber external factors that effect our bodily rythms (e.g light and dark) | |
| Siffre (1975) 6 months alone in a cave underground no clocks or natural light sleep wake cycle still happening day changed to 25.5 hours suggested natural internal body clock -endogenous pace maker | |
| Aschoff and Wever (1976) repeated Siffre's study in a war bunker a group | all but one changed to a 29 hour day |
| infradian rythms longer than 24 hours | |
| examples of infradian rythms SAD and the menstrual cycle | |
| menstrual cycle in reference to infradian rythms 28 day cycle | rythms influenced by hormones ( endogenous pacemakers) however there are some exogenous zeitgebers SAD |
| SAD in reference to infradian rythms type of depression | follows seasons most common in winter |
| ultradian rythms more than once in 24 hours e.g the sleep cycle | |
| the sleep cycle 5 stages repeated every 90 minutes | contains various levels of sleep |
| stage 1 and 2 of sleep cycle light sleep | easily woken muscles relax occasional twitches no dreams alpha waves (EEG) |
| stage 3 and 4 of sleep cycle deep rythmic sleep breathing and heart rate slow muscle activity almost stops delta waves (EEG) | |
| stage 5 of sleep cycle REM (rapid eye movement) brain activity is similar than when awake do not move from neck down neurons in brain stem inhibit muscles in the rest of the body dreaming | |
| which ratio of REM to non-REM is wanted when sleeping 75%-non-REM 25%-REM | |
| McCintock (1971) 135 women (17-22) became synchronised because of pheromones | |
| McCintock and Stern (1988) 10 years | longitudinal 29 women (29-35) with irregular |
| what were the pheromones in McCintock's study exogenous zeitgeber | |
| McCintock and Stern strengths longitudinal study two studies (reliable) | |
| McCintock and Stern weaknesses temporal validity-1971 | 1988 doesn't take into account exogenous zeitgebers |
| brain stem connects brain to rest of nervous system | |
| medulla oblongata regulates breathing | heart rate and blood pressure |
| cerebellum balance and muscle coordination | |
| pons operates facial expressions | |
| midbrain filters nerve signals from brain stem | |
| olfactory bulb relays signals from nose receptors | |
| pituitary gland the 'master gland' regulates the endocrine system | |
| amygdala creates emotions | |
| hypothalamus controls basic drives (sleep | sex |
| hypothalamus regulates neuro-transmitter production | |
| septum processes feelings of pleasure | |
| corpus callosum filters and relays nerve signals between the hemispheres | |
| thalamus relays sensory information | |
| basal ganglia operates basic physical movements and reactions | |
| hippocampus builds and organises memories | |
| cerebrum beneath the cerebral cortex performs basic cognitive functions-talking | watching and listening moving around |
| cerebral cortex outer layer of cerebrum performs advanced thinking | reasoning and concentration |
| prefrontal cortex highest-level thinking introspection | moral judgement |
| visual cortex vision and visualising visual memory | |
| motor cortex strip fine motor control | complex movements |
| sensory cortex strip advanced perception | interpretation or fine sensory stimuli |
| endogenous pacemaker internal mechanisms that govern biological rhythms |
Created by:
cgulliver2024
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