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CVA Week 1
welcome to hell babygirl
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the 4 characteristics shared by all chordates? | notochord, dorsal hollow nerve cord, postanal tail, endostyle |
| What are the characteristics shared by all vertebrates? | vertebrae, electroreception, bone, 2nd semicircular canal, dermal braincase, lateral line system, paired pectoral appendages |
| What is a notochord? | slender rod develops from mesoderm, fluid filled core encased in fibrous tissue, mechanical properties of an electric rod |
| What is the fate of the notochord in agnathans, fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds, & mammals? | • Develops around notochord • thin rod in lampreys – blocks of cartilage • Saddles in sharks • Spools in fish/amphibians • Replaces most of notochord in mammals |
| What is the pharynx? | - Pharynx is a straining apparatus – a branchial basket - Specialize on feeding on suspended material – plankton. |
| What are the oldest known vertebrates & when do they occur in the fossil record? | Ostracoderms occur in the Paleozoic era |
| Why are ostracoderms well represented in the fossil record? | Bones are more well preserved in fossils than flesh |
| What is the relationship between hemichordates & chordates? | They share pharyngeal slits, similar embryonic origin of the dorsal never cord |
| What are the major differences between agnathostomes & gnathostomes | - Agnathosomes: extinct in paleozoic, jawless fish, bony armor, oldest known vertebrates, flat head, pectoral fins - Jaws, two sets of paired fins (pectoral and pelvic), 3rd semicirciular canal, occiput, dermal bone, pelvic claspers, ventral mouth |
| What are the 2 living groups of agnathans? | - Ostracoderms and Cyclostomes |
| What features characterize the chondrichthyes? | cartilaginous fish, serrated pointed teeth that are constantly replaced, denser than water so they sink, expend energy to be in the water column, large livers with buoyant oils, anterior body as hydrofoil, tail supplies lift |
| Which vertebrates retain pharyngeal slits as adults? | Subphylum Urochordata: Tunicates |
| What are the 2 subclasses of osteichthyans? | - Actinopterygii - Sarcopterygii |
| What are the ray-fins vs lobe-fins? | - Ray fins (Actinoperygii): internally supported by slender muscles inside body wall, swim bladder dorsal - Lobe fins (Sarcopterygians)- muscles outside of the body wall, lung position ventral |
| What features characterize the teleosts? | - Well ossified skeleton (vertebrae), scales: cycloid and ctenoid, jaw with complex musculature, homocercal tail |
| What are the labyrinthodonts & why are they significant in terms of vertebrate evolution? | - They are the most primitive tetropods. They are not a monophyletic group that contains Acanthostega and Ichthyostega. |
| What fish-like features were possessed by the labyrinthodonts? | radial fin rays, lateral line, labyrinthodont teeth; branchial arches support gills - aquatic |
| What are the 3 orders of modern amphibians? | - Anura (frogs and toads) - Urodela (Salamanders) - Apoda (caecillians) |
| What features characterize the reptiles? | - Extra-embryonic membranes, 2 temporal fenestra, single occipital condyle, nucleated blood cells |
| What are the 5 subclasses of reptiles? | Anapsida, Cotylosauria, Lepidosaura, Archosauria, Eurapsida/Eureptilia |
| What present day groups are in the order chelonia, squamata, crocodilia? | Chelonia includes turtles, squamaa has lizards, geckoes, and snakes, and crocidlillia has crocodiles and is believed to be the most closely related sister taxa to archosarua (ancient birds) |
| What is the significance of temporal openings in reptile classification? | The number of temporal openings shows an evolutionary need for a change in musculature, which can also indicate dietary changes. Synapsid have 1, Anapsids have none, Diapsids have two. |
| What features do birds share with reptiles? What features of reptiles have been lost by birds? How did the first birds (e.g., archaeopteryx) differ from present day birds? | • Lost dinosaur characteristics • Long tail, • Teeth • Retained dinosaur characters • Claws, scales, diapsid skull, single occipital condyle, feathers |
| What are some of the modifications of birds that have helped reduce their weight? | • Pneumatic bones • Reduced tail • Loss of teeth • Loss of urinary bladder |
| What features characterize mammals? | • hair • mammary glands • 3 middle ear bones • muscular diaphragm • sweat glands • marrow within bones • 2 sets of teeth • biconcave, anucleate red blood cells • well-developed cerebral cortex |
| What are the 2 subclasses of mammals? | - Prototheria (monotremes) - Theria (metatharians and eutharians) |
| What “reptile-like” features are possessed by monotremes? | Egg laying, shelled eggs, lack nipples, lack external ears |
| How do the 2 subclasses of mammals differ? What feature(s) separate the metatherians from the eutherians? | Metatherian or marsupials are pouched mammals. Live birth occurs but they are born at an early developmental stage. Eutherian mammals have live birth and the young are not hid in a pouch. |
| What are coelomates? | Animals with an internal body cavity |
| What are deuterostomes? | Anus forms first during development |
| What are the 3 subphyla in the phylum Chordata? | - Cephalocordata – amphioxus - Urochordata – tunicates - Cranita – Vertebrata |
| When do the earliest chordate fossils appear? | Urochordata |
| What are four features that unite all chordates &, taken together, distinguish chordates from all other phyla? | - Post-anal tail - Notochord - Dorsal hollow nerve chord - Endostyle |
| Why are protochordates important in our study of CVA? | They illustrate the successive trend of the evolution of the big 4 chordate synapomorphies. |
| What are the 3 groups of protochordates? | Hemichordata, Cephalochordata, Urochordata |
| Why are hemichordates called hemi- or half-chordates ? | The tubular never cord is absent, but a collar ganglion is still present. They lack a locomotive postanal tail and a notochord so not true chordates |
| What is the evidence that echinoderms were the likely chordate ancestors? | - Don’t have bilateral symmetry, but radial symmetry is secondary - Deutersome - Mesoderm arises as outpocket of gut wall - Indeterminate cleavage |
| Which vertebrate groups are collectively termed tetrapods? | - Ostracoderms extinct in Paleozoic, jawless fish, bony armor, oldest known vertebrates, bottom dwellers due to flat head - Cyclostomes eare lampreys, parasitic, jawless with horny raspy teeth |
| Why was the evolution of jaws important (think ecologically)? | - Shows the evolution of predation rather than passive feeding |
| What is the difference between the use of lateral flexion compared to dorsoventral flexion in movement? What organisms move mostly via lateral flexion and what organisms use dorsoventral flexion (what organism did we first see dorsoventral flexion). | Lateral flexion allows animals to move side to side, whereas dorsoventral flexion allows the organism to become more mobile, moving through their core. (Do the fish dance). notochord allows organisms to flex laterally. |
| What features characterize the Elasmobranchs? | sharks and rays - Similar fin structure, pelvic claspers, serial teeth replacement - Placoid scales distinct – tiny pointed or cone shaped with no growth after initially forming beneath skin & erupt to surface - Marine but a few freshwater |
| What features characterize the Osteichthys? | bony fishes. Skeleton, bony operculum, overlapping scales, swim bladder with adjustable buoyancy |
| What organisms move mostly via lateral flexion and what organisms use dorsoventral flexion (what organism did we first see dorsoventral flexion). | The first organism that had ventral flexion was Ichthyostega, a primitive tetrapod, that had a vertebral column specialized for dorsoventral flexion. |
| What are amniotes, anamniotes? | Amniotes are organisms that reproduce using an external egg that is usually packaged inside a calcerous or leathery shelled egg. Amniote groups include Reptilia and Synapsida. Anamniotes are animals that lay a soft external egg, such as a frog or a fish. |
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emma.boc
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