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Nutrition and health
Physiology and Pharmacology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Recommended diet | 5 portions of fruit/veg a day <70g of red meat a day > 1 portion of oily fish a day 6-8 glasses of fluid a day < 150 ml of juice a day |
| Macronutrients - recommendations | Protein - 0.75 g/kg of weight a day Total fat - 35% of energy Saturated fat - <11% of energy Carbohydrate - 50% of energy Free sugars - <5% of energy Dietary fibre - >30 g/day |
| Micronutrients | Only needed in small amounts Enable the body to produce enzymes, hormones and other substances essential for proper growth and development The consequences of their absence are severe |
| Micronutrients - recommendations | Vitamin A - 700 ug for men and 600 for women Folate - 200 ug for men and women Vitamin C - 40 mg for men and women Calcium - 700 mg for men and women Iron - 8.7 mg for men and 14.8 for women Iodine - 140 ug for men and women |
| Micronutrients and health | Low does - death Low/medium - deficiency Medium - health Medium/high - toxicity High - death |
| Undernourishment | The number of undernourished people has been on the rise since 2014 reaching an estimated 815 million in 2016 Both due to lack of food and an excess of food low in nutrients |
| Protein - energy malnutrition | Weight for age - underweight Height for age - stunting Weight for height - wasting Causes - poverty, early weaning and low energy weaning foods and infections |
| Levels of child malnutrition | 155 million stunted - 34.4% in East and south Africa 41 million overweight - 14.6% in south africa 52 million wasted - 14.1% in south asia |
| Iron deficiency | >30% of population Sources of iron - heme iron (meat, fish) and non heme iron (cereals, pulses, veggies) Consequences - poor pregnancy outcome, impaired development, increased morbidity and reduced productivity Prevention - supplements |
| Iodine deficiency | 54 countries Sources - seafood Consequences - high risk of disease and poor cognitive development Prevention - fortification of salt and food of dairy cows in UK |
| Vitamin A deficiency | Sources - fish, liver, milk, eggs, dark green veggies and orange fruit Absorption increased with fat Consequences - visual loss, night blindness Prevention - better diet, supplements and fortified food, transgenic plants e.g. golden rice |
| Disease caused by excess energy | Obesity Diabetes CVD and hypertension 13 types of cancer Various other diseases e.g. asthma and gallstones |
| Long terms effects of plant based diets | Reduced risk of cancer, obesity, diabetes and heart disease Increased risk of fractures and nutrient deficiency |
| Global obesity trend | 1/4 of adults obese >60% of adults are overweight |
| Relative risk | RR = 1 - risk is equal in exposed and unexposed RR > 1 - risk in exposed group greater than risk in unexposed RR < 1 - risk in exposed group less than risk in unexposed |
| Obesity and mortality | Obesity as a condition of excess body fat accumulation to an extent that impairs metabolic function and health BMI> 30 kg/m2 Risk of death increases with both low and high BMI |
| Obesity and cancer risk | Increases risk of cancer E.g. Liver. Ovary, Gallbladder, Thyroid, Postmenopausal breast cancer Need preventative programs to reduce prevalence of obesity |
| Sugar intake | Dental caries - especially with frequent intake and poor dental hygiene Contributes to obesity Increase risk of heart disease and diabetes Main sources - sodas, energy drinks, cookies, cakes, pastries, fruit drinks, ice cream, ready to eat cereals |
| Classic diet CVD hypothesis | Increased saturates/trans fats, increased cholesterol and decreased polyunsaturated fat Increased serum total and LDL cholesterol Athlosclorotic plaques Coronary artery narrowing Myocardial infarction/ stroke |
| Saturated fat and LDL cholesterol | Saturated fat raises serum LDL cholesterol LDL cholesterol increases risk of ischaemic heart disease and statins to reduce LDL cholesterol also decrease risk Link between dietary saturated fat and risk of IHD with some inconsistencies |
| Salt and CVD risk | Salt raises blood pressure due to imbalance between Na and K Blood pressure is positively associated with risk of IHD and stroke Link between dietary salt and risk of IHD and stroke is weak |
| Most common cancers | Prostate Bowel Lung Kidney Breast Uterus Melanoma Brain Bladder |
| Evidence that cancer is avoidable | Differences in incidence between communities Changes in incidence on migration Change in incidence over time Identification of causes |
| Causes of premenopausal breast cancer | Reduces risk - vigorous physical exercise, body fatness, lactation Increases risk - adult attained height, alcoholic drinks and greater birthweight |
| Causes of postmenopausal breast cancer | Reduces risk - physical activity, body fatness in youth, lactation Increased risk - Alcoholic drinks, body fatness, adult weight gain, adult attained height |
| Causes of colorectal cancer | Reduces risk - physical activity, wholegrains, dietary fibre, dairy, calcium supplements Increases risk - processed meat, alcoholic drinks, body fatness, adult attained height, red meat |
| Cancer prevention recommendations | Be a healthy weight Move more Avoid high calorie foods Eat more veg Limit red meat Dont drink alcohol Eat less salt Dont rely on supplements Breastfeed |
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