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Psychology
Biology Module 3 Vocabulary
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Action Potential | The change in electric potential that propagates along the axon of a neuron during the transmission of a nerve impulse or the contraction of a muscle |
| Afferent Neurons | The nerve fivers responsible for bringing sensory information from the outside world to the brain |
| All or None Law | Signal transmission between neurons isn't dependent on the strength of the stimuli but rather only that the initial threshold is met |
| Alzehimer's | A chronic brain disease that gradually erodes an individual's memory, intellectual abilities, and personality. |
| Axon | Where electrical impulses from the neuron travel away to be received by other neurons |
| Basal Ganglia | A group of sub-cortical nuclei responsible for motor control, as well as other roles such as motor learning, executive functions & behaviors & emotions. |
| Cell Body | The spherical part of the neuron that contains the nucleus & connects to the dendrites |
| Central Nervous System | The brain & Spinal Cord |
| Dendrites | Projections from the cell body or soma of neurons, to the cells of the nervous system |
| Efferent Neurons | The nerve fibers responsible for carrying signals from the brain to the peripheral nervous system in order to initiate an action |
| End bulbs | The small knobs at the end of an axon that releases chemicals called neurotransmitters |
| Endorphins | Hormones that are released when your body feels pain or stress |
| Glial Cell | A type of cell that provides physical & chemical support to neurons & maintain their environment |
| Interneurons | The ones in-between, they connect spinal motor & sensory neurons |
| Multiple Sclerosis | A disease of the central nervous system characterized by inflammation & multifacal scarring of the protective sheath of nerves, which damages and destroys the sheath & the underlying nerve, disrupting neural transmission. |
| Myelin Sheath | An insulating layer, or sheath that forms around nerves, including those in the brain & the spinal cord |
| Nerve | A bundle of axons outside the nervous system, enclosed in a sheath of connective tissue to form a cord-like structure |
| Nerve Impulse | The change in electrical charge that moves along the nerve fiber of a neuron in response to a stimulus (or pain) |
| Neuron | The cells responsible for receiving sensory input from the external world for sending motor commands to our muscles, & for transforming & relaying electrical signals |
| Neurotransmitter | Chemical messengers that your body cannot function without |
| Parkinson's | Movement disorder of the nervous system that gets worse over time |
| Peripheral Nervous System | Consists of the nerves that branch out from the brain & spinal cord |
| Phantom Limb | The perception of pain or discomfort in a limb that is no longer there |
| Reflex | An involuntary response that happens without conscious effect |
| Reuptake | What happens after a signal is transmitted |
| Synapse | A small gap at the end of a neuron that allows signals to pass from one neuron to the next |
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