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PSYS 100 Exam Three
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the three characteristics of motivation? | Activation, persistence, and intensity. |
| What are drive theories? | Behavior motivated by the desire to reduce internal tension caused by unmet biological needs. |
| What is homeostasis? | Optimal internal balance. |
| What is incentive theory? | Behavior motivated by external "pull" goals like rewards, money, and recognition. |
| What is arousal theory? | People are motivated to maintain a level of arousal that is optimal. |
| What is classical conditioning in terms of diet? | Blood levels change, body temperature increases, and there is an anticipation of eating. |
| What is operant conditioning in terms of diet? | There are preferences for certain tastes like sweet, salty, or fatty (positive incentive). |
| What is satiation? | The feeling of fullness. |
| What are three internal signals that help maintain weight? | Leptin, insulin, and neuropeptide Y. |
| What is set-point theory? | An individual's general weight (body tries to remain around this weight). |
| What is obesity? | Excessive body fat and BMI between 25 and 29.9. |
| What are some reasons for overeating? | Sedentary lifestyle, lack of sleep, positive incentives, and Super Size It syndrome. |
| What are the four stages of sex? | Excitement, orgasm, plateau, and resolution. |
| What are motivation theories? | Motivation is based on psychological needs like Maslow. |
| What is Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs? | Physiological needs, safety needs, belongingness needs, esteem-needs, and self-actualization. |
| What are characteristics of self-actualized people? | Realism/acceptance, problem-centering, autonomy, and spontaneity. |
| What is the need to belong? | The fundamental need to form lasting positive relationships. |
| What is ostracism? | Social rejection by group members. |
| What is competence motivation? | People need to feel competent and able. |
| What is the Thematic Apperception Task (TAT)? | Coming up with stories for pictures to get information about someone's personality. |
| What are the three innate and universal psychological needs that must be satisfied to be the best we can be? | Autonomy, competence, and relatedness. |
| What are activities that people pursue to satisfy needs? | Intrinsic motivation and external motivation. |
| What are emotions? | Complex, psychological brief states in response to a specific stimulus -- subjective experience. |
| How are emotions different from moods? | Moods are milder emotional states that are more general and pervasive -- they rarely change. |
| What is mood? | Milder emotional states that are more general and pervasive. |
| What are the early views of emotions? | Emotions disrupt rational behavior. |
| What are the influences of emotional intelligence? | Reasoning, body language, and language. |
| How did Darwin perceive emotions? | He believed emotions reflect evolutionary adaptations to problems. |
| What did Darwin find out about blind people? | They could show the facial expressions related to emotions (happiness, smiling, anger, scorned expression, etc.). |
| What are basic emotions? | The most fundamental emotion categories. |
| What are the three categories of emotion? | Biologically innate, evolutionarily determined, and culturally universal. |
| What are the fundamental dimensions of emotion? | The degree of emotions (how pleasant or unpleasant). |
| What are emotions associated with? | Patterns in the sympathetic nervous system. |
| How does the process of emotions being dispersed throughout the body? | Brain --> Nervous System --> Act on It or Don't |
| What does Ekman believe about facial expressions? | We can create around 7,000 facial expressions, they are not innate. |
| What does Darwin believe about facial expressions? | Expressions are innate and universal. |
| What is common sense theory? | Stimulus --> Physiological Response --> Act on It |
| How did James disagree with Lange on common sense theory? | He says that emotions occur AFTER bodily change. |
| What did Walter Cannon believe? | He says body reactions are similar but experience emotions differently. |
| How did PET scans support Lange's theory? | PET scans show different neural patterns for different emotions. |
| What is the facial feedback hypothesis? | We see reactions and have reactions based on those. |
| What is the two-factor theory of emotion? | Emotion is an interaction of physiological arousal and a cognitive label we place on it. |
| What is developmental psychology? | How people change over a lifespan (physically, cognitively, socially, etc.). |
| What are critical periods? | Development MUST occur during this timeframe. |
| What are sensitive periods? | If development doesn't occur during this timeframe, it could still happen in another. |
| What is an example of a critical period? | Growing limbs. |
| What is a chromosome? | A long, thread-like structure composed of twisted parallel strands of DNA. |
| What is DNA? | Genetic instructions. |
| What is a gene? | A unit of DNA. |
| What is a genotype? | All the genes in someone's body. |
| What is a phenotype? | The genes that are expressed. |
| What is prenatal development? | All development before birth. |
| What is conception? | When sperm penetrates the ovum. |
| What is a zygote? | A fertilized egg. |
| What is the germinal period? | The first two weeks after conception. |
| What is the embryonic period? | Weeks three through eight after conception. |
| What is the fetal period? | Two months after conception to birth. |
| What three bulges does the brain develop into? | The hindbrain, midbrain, and forebrain. |
| What does the spinal cord develop into? | It starts as a primitive streak, then into a neural tube, and then into a spinal cord. |
| What happens during the fetal period? | Used neural connections are strengthened while unused connections are pruned/eliminated. |
| What are teratogens? | Harmful agents or substances that can cause malformations or defects in an embryo or fetus. Ex: Alcohol, drugs, etc. |
| What size is a baby's brain at birth? | One-fourth of an adult brain; nearly a pound. |
| What is the age of viability? | The minimum age a baby needs to get to in order to survive outside of the womb. |
| What are the two reflexes that baby's have at birth? | The rooting reflex and the sucking reflex. |
| What is the least developed sense at birth? | Vision |
| What are the two ways in which we develop? | The cephalocaudal way or the proximodistal way. |
| What is the cephalocaudal way of development? | Development occurs from the head down. |
| What is the proximodistal way of development? | Development occurs from the center out. |
| What did Harry Harlow research? | Attachment Styles |
| What is attachment? | The emotional bond that forms between the infant and caregivers, especially parents, during the first year of life. |
| What is the Ainsworth Strange Situation? | Mother-child dyads were studied to see if the child was comforted after a mother re-entered the room after leaving for a short period of time. |
| What is puberty? | The stage of adolescence in which individuals reach sexual maturity, becoming physiologically capable of sexual reproduction. |
| What are primary sex characteristics? | Body parts directly involved in reproduction. Ex: Penis, uterus, etc. |
| What are secondary sex characteristics? | Body parts that signify sexual maturity but are not directly involved in reproduction. Ex: Boobs, deep voice, etc. |
| What are factors that affect the timing of puberty? | Genetics (most important), absence of a father figure, physically demanding exercise, the environment, and nutrition/health. |
| What is Erik Erikson's Theory of Psychosocial Development? | It divided the lifespan into eight psychosocial stages associated with a different drive and problem to resolve. |
| What are the eight stages of Erikson's Theory of Psychosocial Development? | Infancy, toddlerhood, early childhood, middle and late childhood, adolescence, young adulthood, middle adulthood, and late adulthood. |
| What are Piaget's four distinct cognitive stages? | Sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational. |
| What happens during the sensorimotor stage? | Information is gained through senses, no reason for perceiving and manipulating, and symbols are internalized. |
| What happens during the preoperational stage? | Increased symbolic thought, egocentrism, irreversibility, centration, and no sense of conservation. |
| What happens during the concrete operational stage? | Understanding of mental operations leading to logical thought and using classification and categorization. |
| What is conservation? | Not understanding properties. |
| What happens during the formal operational stage? | Logical thinking develops more fully and new cognitive abilities emerge gradually. |
| What are the strengths of Piaget's eight stages? | It inspired many studies and fundamental ideas. |
| What are the weaknesses of Piaget's eight stages? | It underestimated the cognitive ability of infants and children. |
| What is Vygotsky's zone of proximal development? | Caregivers should model behaviors and skills to help the child learn them. |
| What happens during emerging adulthood? | Exploration, instability, vocational choices, and relationships. |
| Where is emerging adulthood most commonly found? | WEIRD (white, educated, developed, rich) countries. |
| Why are people getting married later in life? | Secondary education is becoming more prominent, so it takes priority over marriage. |
| What happens during early adulthood (18-30)? | The best shape of your life, there is organ reserve, allostasis occurs, and your body is at peak physical functioning. |
| What is organ reserve? | When organs reserve themselves due to a stressful or harmful situation. |
| What is allostasis? | The long-term penalties of not taking care of your body at a younger age. |
| What happens during middle adulthood (40-60)? | Physical strength begins to decline and weight gain occurs. |
| What happens during late adulthood (60-65)? | Rapid physical decline, possible cognitive decline, and everything in our body slows down. |
| What is menopause? | The life-change for women who are no longer fertile. |
| What is andropause? | The life-change for men that reduces sperm count. |
| What is marital satisfaction? | Satisfaction in a marriage. |
| What can negatively impact marital relationships? | Boomerang children (children that come back home after leaving). |
| What is incredibly neuroprotective? | Aerobic exercise. |
| What is the activity theory of aging? | Life satisfaction is higher in adults that maintain previous levels of activity (new hobby or the same one). |
| What is integrity versus despair? | When we get to be old, we will either look back on our lives and feel happy, or we can look back and see only negative aspects. |
| When does anxiety about dying peak and decrease? | It peaks in middle adulthood and decreases in late adulthood. |
| What are Kubler-Ross's stages of dying? | Denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance. |
| What is an authoritarian parenting style? | My word is law, do as I say, with no nurturing. These children typically end up going to jail or becoming bullies to those around them. |
| What is a permissive parenting style? | Very nurturing, no boundaries, a child's best friend, and children end up very dependent. |
| What is an authoritative parenting style? | Parents are firm with rules and have consequences for misbehavior, but still has nurturing. |
| What is having a neglectful parenting style? | Parents who are not involved in their children's lives, children are more likely to do drugs and become involved in abusive relationships. |
| What is social psychology? | Branch of psychology that studies how thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by the presence of other people and the social/physical environment. |
| What is the sense of self? | A unique sense of identity influenced by social, cultural, and psychological experiences. |
| What is social cognition? | How we make sense of our social environment. |
| What is social influence? | The effect that a social setting has on individual behavior. |
| What is person perception? | The mental processes we use to form judgments about other people. |
| What are the four principles of perception? | Your reaction to others is determined by your perception of them, your self-perception influences how you perceive others, your goals determine the amount of information you collect, and you evaluate people partly in terms of your expectations. |
| What are social norms? | The "rules" or expectations for appropriate behavior in a particular social situation. |
| What is social cateogorization? | The mental process of categorizing people into groups (or social categories) on the basis of their shared characteristics. |
| What is a schema? | A file folder in our brain. |
| What is the halo effect? | There are benefits to being attractive. |
| What is attribution? | The process of inferring the causes of people's behavior, including one's own. |
| What is the fundamental attribution error (FAE)? | Attributing people's behavior to their disposition rather than the situation. |
| What is blaming the victim? | The tendency to blame an innocent victim of misfortune for having somehow caused the problem or for not having taken steps to avoid or prevent it. |
| What is hindsight bias? | The tendency to overestimate one's ability to have foreseen or predicted the outcome of an event. |
| What is the just-world hypothesis? | The assumption that the world is fair and that, therefore, people get what they deserve or deserve what they get. |
| What is a self-serving bias and where is it common? | In individualistic cultures, people tend to feel as though they do really well at things they are good at, but it is someone else's fault for them being bad at something. |
| What is a self-effacing bias and where is it common? | In collectivistic cultures, people tend to come up with reasons as to why they succeed that have to do with the collective and take faults as part of their own responsibility. |
| What is attitude? | A learned tendency to evaluate some object, person, or issue in a particular way. |
| What are the three attitude components (ABCs)? | Cognitive, affective, and behavior. |
| When are you more likely to behave in accordance with your attitude? | When you feel strongly about something, if you have done research on the topic, and when you think people agree with you. |
| What makes one person more attractive than another? | Personal characteristics like warmth, trustworthiness, and social status, and physical appearance (averageness and bi-lateral symmetry). |
| What is cognitive dissonance? | When we face inconsistency between our attitude and actions and we seek out ways to decrease the discomfort caused by the inconsistency. |
| What is prejudice? | Negative attitude towards people who belong to a specific social group. |
| What is stereotype? | A cluster of characteristics that are associated with all members of a specific social group, often including qualities that are unrelated to the objective criteria that define the group. |
| What is in-group? | The social group to which one belongs. |
| What is out-group? | The social groups to which one does not belong. |
| What is in-group bias? | The tendency to make favorable, positive attributions about our group, but negative assumptions about the out-group. |
| What is implicit attitude? | Evaluations that are automatic, unintentional, and difficult to control. |
| What was the Robbers Cave Experiment? | Two groups of boys had a competition, but when they worked together to achieve a superordinate goal, the groups were brought together. |
| What is conformity? | Adjusting opinions, judgment, or behavior so that it matches that of other people or the norms of a social group or situation. |
| What is Asch's Line Experiment? | Group was asked to match two lines, all participants were confederates minus one, and the confederates chose the incorrect answer almost the entire time. |
| What is social influence? | The psychological study of how behavior is influenced by the social environment and other people. |
| What is normative social influence? | Public acceptance but not private conformity. |
| What is informational social influence? | Unsure of the answer to something, so seeking input from the others in a group, leads to both public acceptance and private conformity. |
| What was Sherif's Light Experiment? | Groups had to judge whether a light was moving or not, an example of informational social influence. |
| What are factors that promote conformity? | Unanimous group of at least 4 or 5 people, responding in front of a group, no commitment to a different idea, the task is ambiguous or difficult, there is ability about personal knowledge or skill, and the person is attracted to the group. |
| What do individualistic cultures promote? | Independence and individuality (less likely to conform). |
| What do collectivistic cultures promote? | Judging the judgment of others is not acceptable. |
| What did Stanley Milgram do? | He did obedience studies to find out if someone could be pressured into doing something they knew was wrong. |
| How many of Milgram's participants were fully compliant in the shock experiment? | 26/40 or two-thirds of them. |
| What is altuism? | Helpign someone with no expectation of personal reward or benefit. |
| What is prosocial behavior? | Any behavior that helps another person. |
| What are factors that increase the likelihood of bystanders helping? | Feeling guilty, seeing others who are willing to help, perceiving the other person as deserving of help, and knowing how to help. |
| What is the bystander effect? | The more people there are around during an incident, the less likely someone is to react to a situation. |
| What is aggression? | Verbal or physical behavior that is intended to cause harm to other people on purpose. |
| What is the evolutionary aspect of aggression? | We need to get along with people until we cannot any more, then we must assert dominance. |
| What is the biological aspect of aggression? | More testosterone makes a person more aggressive. |
| What are psychological influences on aggression? | Learning aggression from others and frustration. |
| What is the rule of reciprocity? | I did something for you so you do something for me. |
| What is the foot-in-the-door technique? | Asking someone for something small, then asking for the bigger want to make it seem less bad. |
| What is the low-ball technique? | Leading out with the big want, then when it is denied, asking for a smaller want. |
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