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Personality exam 3
Chapters 8-12
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Types of data | Brain structure/function, biochemistry (human/animal studies), genetics (twin/adoption studies), evolution |
| Damage to right frontal lobe | -Impairs emotional reaction -Interferes with judgement -Cannot differentiate (un)importance |
| Eysenck's approach | -Personality is affected by the balance between excitatory and inhibitory neutral mechanisms -Balance is regulated by the Ascending Reticulocortical Activating System (found in the reticular formation in the brain stem) |
| Introverts (Eysenck) | -Chronically overaroused by the ARAS -ARAS wide open = all stimulation gets through = withdraw, reduce stimulation |
| Extraverts (Eysenck) | -Chronically underaroused by the ARAS -ARAS is tightly closed = light stimulation = seek additional stimulation |
| Lemon juice test | Measure differences in salivation in response to drops of lemons juice (not entirely supported) |
| Gray's approach | Brain structures in the hypothalamus, activated by dopamine, are the basis of our tendency to seek out reward (Behavioral Activation system) |
| Gray's inhibition model | -Behavioral activation system: controls differences in impulsivity -Behavioral inhibition system: controls differences in anxiety |
| High BAS + high BIS = | Neurotic |
| High BAS + low BIS = | Extraverted |
| Low BAS + high BIS = | Introverted |
| Low BAS + low BIS = | Stable |
| Biochemical approach | -Trace personality differences to chemicals in the body -Individual differences in the level are usually the result of differences in the level/availability of biochemicals |
| Serotonin | -Linked to depression -Linked to negative affect and chronic pessimism |
| Dopamine | Linked to genetic differences in novelty-seeking (positive correlation) |
| Stability | -Inhibiting feelings and impulses, organizes behavior -Combines (low) neuroticism, agreeableness, conscientiousness -Role of serotonin |
| Plasticity | -A general tendency to explore and engage with possibilities -Combines openness and extraversion -Role of dopamine |
| Testosterone | -Sex hormone -Linked to aggression |
| Cortisol | -Hormone linked to fight or flight response -Produced as a response to stress or arousal |
| Behavioral genetics | -Inherited personality predispositions -Focuses on how we differ as individuals |
| Evolution theory | -Natural selection of traits across species -Focuses on characteristics all humans share |
| Heritability | If a trait is heritable, then those individuals who share a large set of common genes should be more similar on that trait than those who share very few common genes |
| Best way to study heritability | -Twin studies: compare monozygotic (identical) twins to dizygotic (fraternal) twins |
| Calculating heritability | If the trait is inherited, monozygotic twins should be more similar to one another than are dizygotic twins (ex. shyness scores of MZ pairs should be more highly correlated than shyness scores of DZ pairs) |
| Calculating heritability (formula) | (MZr - DZr) * 2 = % of the variance in the trait explained by genetic variance (average heritabilities tend to be .40) |
| Cautions about heritability | -Formula is not the percentage of traits caused by genes -Can't get the % attributable to environment by subtracting -Genes interact with one another |
| Gene-environment interactions | Genes and environment interact dtermine if genetic predispostions ar realized |
| Evolutionary theory | -Personality traits modern humans possess were selected for through the process of natural selection -Selected because they were adaptive (promoted survival and ensured reproductive success -Ex. aggression and nurturance |
| Psychic determinism | -All behavior has a discoverable cause -Humans do things for a reason |
| Internal mental structure | -Id -Ego -Superego |
| Mental (psychic) energy | -The mind requires energy to make it go -Source of energy: instincts or drives -Life instinct (eros): libido -Death instinct (thanatos): destructive energy -Energy used for one purpose is unavailable for other purposes |
| Id | -Develops first, present in newborns -Consists of basic biological impulses -Seeks immediate gratification of those impulses -The part of the personality that is completely unconscious |
| Ego | -Develops during the anal stage as the young child begins to consider the demands of reality -Realizes not all impulses can be immediately gratified |
| Superego | -Develops during phallic stage -Internalized set of moral standards -Judges right from wrong (your conscience) |
| Psychosexual stage theory of personality development | -Story of redirection, refocusing of psychic energy -Each stage has a physical focus for libido, psychological theme/issues that must be resolved, and adult psychological consequences |
| Oral stage | -0 to 1/2 years -Mouth, lips, tongue -Dependency and passivity -Pathologically dependent or independent |
| Anal stage | -1 1/2 to 3 years -Anus -Control and authority relations -Over controlled or under controlled |
| Phallic stage | -4 to 7 years -Sex organs -Love (oedipal complex), hate (castration anxiety), jealousy (penis envy) -Morality issues (superego development) |
| Latency period | -7 to 12 years -Libidinal impulses put on hold -Focus on socialization and education |
| Genital stage | -12+ -Genitals but more relationship oriented -Development of maturity |
| Freud's followers' differences | -Less emphasis on sex -More emphasis on conscious processes -Less emphasis on instincts -More emphasis on interpersonal relations |
| Alfred Adler | -Social interest most important determinant -Motivated to attain equality with others |
| Carl Jung | -Collective unconscious -Humans share inborn species-species memories/ideas |
| Karen Horney | -Attempts to overcome anxiety lead to development of neurotic needs -Needs often conflict leading to self-defeating behavior or problems relating to others |
| Horney's 10 neurotic needs | -Affection and approval -Dominant partner -Power -Exploitation -Prestige -Admiration -Achievement or ambition -Self sufficiency -Perfection -Narrow limits to life |
| Erik Eriskon | -Many conflicts are conscious and many are social in origin -Lifetime model of development focusing on resolution of social rather than sexual conflicts |
| Origins of phenomenological and humanistic approaches | -Grounded in philosophical movements of existentialism and humanism -Rejected deterministic view of human behavior postulated by psychoanalysis and behaviorism -Emphasized that humans were fundamentally different |
| How humans are fundamentally different than animals | -We are aware -We have free will and could make choices -We were creative -We strived toward growth and self actualization |
| Phenomenology | -We must focus on each individual's unique conscious experience of the world -There is no such thing as objective reality, only subjective awareness |
| Actualization | -A motivating force that pushes us toward growth and fulfillment of basic potential -"Be all that you can be" |
| Maslow's hierarchy of needs | 1. Physiological needs 2. Safety needs 3. Belonging 4. Esteem 5. Self actualization |
| Carl Rogers | -Free will and determinism (we develop toward greater freedom) -Actualizing tendency (most basic human motive): tendency to develop capabilities that maintain and enhance the organism |
| Organismic valuing system (Carl Rogers) | -A unique system of valuing experiences, clear set of likes/dislikes -Can lose touch with this system -"Get in touch with what you REALLY want" |
| Congruence (Carl Rogers | -What you want is what you are striving for -How you feel is how you act |
| Csikszentmihalyi and "flow" | -Emphasizes the importance of moment to moment experiences -Autotelic activities: activities that are enjoyable for their own sake -Involve complete concentration or absorption in tasks or activities that challenge you and match your skill level |
Created by:
lreyna
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