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SCI 221 Set 2
Week 14: Assignment - StudyStack Set 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Not characteristic of an isometric contraction: the muscle does not shorten. it can produce work by tightening to resist a force. movement is produced. the tension produced by the myosin cross-bridges cannot overcome the load placed on the muscle. | movement is produced. |
| An example of a hinge joint is(are) the: head of the radius articulating with the ulna. interphalangeal joints. first metacarpal articulating with the trapezium. head of the humerus articulating with the scapula. | interphalangeal joints. |
| The substance that attracts oxygen in the myoglobin molecule is: hemoglobin. calcium. iron. ATP. | iron |
| The protein molecule that has heads jutting out for cross-bridging is: actin. myosin. troponin. tropomyosin. | myosin |
| The chief function of the T-tubules is to: provide nutrients to the muscle fiber. allow for the fiber to contract. allow for electrical signals to move deeper into the cell. allow for the generation of new muscle fibers. | allow for electrical signals to move deeper into the cell. |
| Attempting to pick up an object too heavy to lift would result in which type of muscle contraction? Isotonic Flaccid Treppe Isometric | Isometric |
| Incorrect statement regarding heat production? The body temperature set point is established by the hypothalamus. Shivering will increase body temperature. Body temperature functions on a negative-feedback mechanism. All of the above are correct. | All of the above are correct. |
| Which of the following is not an end-product of the breakdown of ATP? An inorganic phosphate Energy that can be used in muscle contraction ADP All of the above are end-products of the breakdown of ATP. | All of the above are end-products of the breakdown of ATP. |
| The strength of a muscle contraction is influenced by the: amount of load. initial length of muscle fibers. recruitment of motor units. All of the above are correct. | All of the above are correct. |
| The lactate produced by anaerobic respiration is converted back to glucose in the: lungs. liver. mitochondria. sarcoplasmic reticulum. | liver |
| The lactate produced by anaerobic respiration is converted back to glucose in the: lungs. liver. mitochondria. sarcoplasmic reticulum. | plantar flexion |
| In terms of function, which is considered an immovable joint? Synarthrosis Amphiarthrosis Diarthrosis All joints are movable. | synarthrosis |
| Which type of joint joins the two pubic bones together? Suture Synovial Synchondrosis Symphysis | Symphysis |
| Aerobic respiration: | produces the maximum amount of energy available from each glucose molecule. |
| All of the following are characteristics of smooth muscle except: there are no striations. there are no T-tubules. thin and thick filaments are aligned in sarcomeres like skeletal muscles. the sarcoplasmic reticula are loosely organized. | thin and thick filaments are aligned in sarcomeres like skeletal muscles. |
| Which of the following statements about cardiac muscle is incorrect? Cardiac muscle requires nervous stimulation to contract. Cardiac muscle is also called striated involuntary muscle. Cardiac muscle contains intercalated disks. | Cardiac muscle requires nervous stimulation to contract. |
| After it is released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum, the calcium combines with which protein? Troponin Actin Myosin Tropomyosin | troponin |
| Which type of muscle does not have T-tubules? Smooth Cardiac Striated All muscles have T-tubules. | smooth |
| Three phases of the twitch contraction are the latent period, contraction phase, and relaxation phase. latent period, contraction phase, and stimulation phase. latent period, stimulation phase, and excitement phase. | latent period, contraction phase, and relaxation phase. |
| If the magnitude of the local depolarization surpasses a limit called the _____, voltage-gated Na+ channels are stimulated to open. local potential action potential resting potential threshold potential | threshold potential |
| T/F The magnitude of the action potential peaks when the sodium channels close. | True |
| The active transport mechanism in the plasma membrane that transports sodium and potassium ions in opposite directions and at different rates is the sodium-potassium pump. chloride channel. sodium-potassium channel. ion pump. | Sodium-potassium pump |
| T/F The speed of a nerve impulse depends on the neuron’s resting potential. | False |
| T/F Neurons are the only living cells that maintain a difference in the concentration of ions across their membranes. | False |
| A term commonly used as a synonym for action potential is nerve impulse. stimulus. depolarization. repolarization. | nerve impulse |
| T/F If the threshold potential is surpassed, the full peak of the action potential is always reached. | True |
| Which chemicals allow neurons to communicate with one another? neurotransmitters neurofibrils glial transmitters sensory transmitters | neurotransmitters |
| An ion channel that opens in response to a sensory stimulus is a(n) local potential. ionic channel. stimulus-gated channel. sodium-potassium channel. | stimulus-gated channel |
| A membrane that exhibits a membrane potential is said to be multipolarized. polarized. bipolarized. unipolarized. | polarized |
| The membrane potential maintained by a nonconducting neuron’s plasma membrane is called the _____ membrane potential. polarized action resting conduction | resting |
| There are two types of synapses—the electrical synapse and the __________ synapse. mechanical sonic sensory chemical | chemical |
| When neurotransmitters from synaptic knobs stimulate a postsynaptic neuron in rapid succession, their effect can add up over a brief period to produce an action potential. This is called tetanus. twitch. temporal summation. spatial summation. | temporal summation |
| Movement of the membrane potential away from zero (below the usual RMP) is called repolarization. hypopolarization. hyperpolarization. depolarization. | hyperpolarization |
| T/F The difference in electrical charge between the inside and outside of a membrane is called the membrane potential. | True |
| Which membrane receptor acts to directly change ion permeability when stimulated? Gated-channel receptor Ionotropic receptor G-protein-coupled receptors Metabotropic receptor \ | Gated-channel receptor |
| The tiny bulge at the end of a terminal branch of a presynaptic neuron’s axon is called a(n) synaptic knob. receptor site. synaptic cleft. telondendria. | synaptic knob |
| T/F In a myelinated neuron, the impulse can travel under the myelin between nodes of Ranvier. | True |
| A synapse can occur only between an axon and: another axon. a dendrite. a cell body. any of the above. | any of the above |
| T/F The sodium-potassium pump actively pumps three potassium ions out of the neuron and two sodium ions into the neuron. | False |
| T/F In depolarization the membrane potential moves toward zero, whereas in hyperpolarization the membrane potential moves away from zero. | True |
| Mechanism quickly terminates action of a neurotransmitter once binds to postsynaptic receptor? | Neurotransmitter molecules are transported into nearby glial cells. Neurotransmitter molecules are metabolized into inactive compounds. Neurotransmitter molecules are transported back into synaptic knobs. |
| A neurologist is using a voltmeter to measure potential. The membrane potential of a neuron was recorded at +30 mV. This is what type of membrane potential? Polarized Resting Conduction Action | Action |
| T/F Whether an impulse is continued through the neuron depends on the magnitude of the voltage in the axon hillock. | True |
| The brief period during which a local area of an axon's membrane resists re-stimulation is called the __________ period. refractory repolarization resting action | Refractory |
| T/F In a myelinated fiber, the action potential jumps from one node of Ranvier to the next. | True |
| The mechanisms that produce and maintain the resting membrane potential do so by producing a | slight excess of negative ions on the outer surface of the plasma membrane. |
| T/F When a neuron is resting, the inner surface of its plasma membrane is slightly positive compared with its outer surface. | False |
| The difference between sodium and potassium in the generation of action potential is that: | sodium causes depolarization of the cell membrane, and potassium causes repolarization of the cell membrane. |
| The action potential seems to “leap” from node to node along a myelinated fiber. This type of impulse regeneration is called __________ conduction. refractory sensory action potential saltatory | saltatory |
| The fastest nerve fibers in the body can conduct an impulse that is how much faster than the slowest fibers in the body? Almost 50 times faster Almost 100 times faster Almost 300 times faster Almost 500 times faster | Almost 300 times faster |
| A synapse consists of: a synaptic knob. a synaptic cleft. the plasma membrane of a postsynaptic neuron. all of the above. | all of the above. |
| Which of the following is not one of the main chemical classes of neurotransmitters? Triglycerides Amines Amino acids Neuropeptides | Triglycerides |
| Compared with the outside of the neuron, the inside has a(n) ____ charge. positive negative equal None of the above are correct. | negative |
| During a relative refractory period: the action potential cannot be initiated. a resting potential exists. the cell membrane is impermeable to Na+ and K+. the action potential can be initiated with a strong stimulus. | the action potential can be initiated with a strong stimulus. |
| A slight shift away from the resting membrane potentials in a specific region of the plasma membrane is called a _____ potential. membrane resting membrane local None of the above is correct. | local |
| Severe depression can be caused by a deficit in certain brain synapses of: acetylcholine. amines. amino acids. neuropeptides. | amines |
| Serotonin is an example of a(n): amino acid neurotransmitter. amine neurotransmitter. acetylcholine derivative. neuropeptide neurotransmitter. | amine neurotransmitter. |
| Which is true of an action potential? | The outside of the plasma membrane is negatively charged, and the inside is positively charged. |
| Acetylcholine is in the same class of neurotransmitters as: serotonin. histamine. dopamine. none of the above. | none of the above. |
| Excitatory neurotransmitters are most likely to: increase the speed of impulse conduction. make the cell membrane impermeable. initiate an action potential. make the resting potential more negative. | initiate an action potential. |
| Which of the following is not used by the body as a neurotransmitter? Nitric oxide Acetylcholine Carbon monoxide All of the above are used by the body as neurotransmitters. | All of the above are used by the body as neurotransmitters. |
| The brief period during which a local area of an axon's membrane resists re-stimulation is called the __________ period. refractor resting repolarization action | refractor |
| Within the nervous system, coding for the strength of a stimulus is accomplished through: changes in the magnitude of the action potential. changes in the length or duration of the action potential. the frequency of nerve impulses. | the frequency of nerve impulses. |
| A term commonly used as a synonym for action potential is nerve impulse. stimulus. repolarization. depolarization. | nerve impulse |
| The only ion(s) that can diffuse across a neuron’s membrane when the neuron is at rest is (are): sodium. potassium. proteins. phosphate. | potassium |
| The first event to occur when an adequate stimulus is applied to a neuron is: | some of the sodium channels at the point of stimulation open. |
| Which of the following antidepressants acts by blocking the action of monoamine oxidase (MAO)? Phenelzine Imipramine Amitriptyline Cocaine | Phenelzine |
| No impulse can be sent through a neuron: during the relative refractory period. when the charge of the neuron is –70. during the absolute refractory period. when the stimulus is too strong. | during the absolute refractory period. |
| There are two types of synapses—the electrical synapse and the __________ synapse. chemical mechanical sensory sonic | chemical |
| The _____ is an extension of the great toe, with or without fanning of the other toes, in response to stimulation of the outer margin of the sole of the foot. corneal reflex plantar reflex ankle jerk reflex Babinski sign | Babinski sign |
| The two main types of adrenergic receptors are alpha and nicotinic. alpha and beta. beta and muscarinic. nicotinic and muscarinic. | alpha and beta |
| The reticular activating system maintains sleep rhythms. consciousness. unconsciousness. sensory impulses. | consiousness |
| The somatic motor system includes all the _____ motor pathways _____ the CNS. involuntary; outside voluntary; outside voluntary; within involuntary; within | voluntary; outside |
| The set of coordinated commands that control the programmed muscle activity mediated by extrapyramidal pathways is called the extrapyramidal tract. pyramidal tract. motor tract. motor program. | motor program. |
| Another name for the parasympathetic nervous system is the nervous system. thoracolumbar craniosacral visceral cholinergic | craniosacral |
| “Fight or flight” physiological changes include all of the following EXCEPT increased conversion of glycogen to glucose. constriction of respiratory airways. increased perspiration. dilation of blood vessels in skeletal muscles. | constriction of respiratory airways. |
| Mixed cranial nerves contain axons of sensory axons. motor neurons. sensory and motor neurons. none of the above. | sensory and motor neurons. |
| Which region of the brain plays a part in the mechanism responsible for emotions by associating sensory impulses with feelings of pleasantness and unpleasantness? hypothalamus pineal gland thalamus pons | thalamus |
| The effect of sympathetic stimulation on the urinary bladder is relaxation. constriction. dilation. no effect. | relaxation |
| The second largest part of the brain, located just below the posterior portion of the cerebrum, is the midbrain. medulla oblongata. cortex. cerebellum. | cerebellum |
| Axon terminals of autonomic neurons release either of two neurotransmitters, norepinephrine and acetylcholine. norepinephrine and aldosterone. norepinephrine and dopamine. acetylcholine and aldosterone. | norepinephrine and acetylcholine. |
| A _____ is a skeletal muscle or group of muscles that receives motor axons from a given spinal nerve. dermatome myotome rami plexus | myotome |
| Acetylcholine binds to _____ receptors. adrenergic beta alpha cholinergic | cholinergic |
| Tongue movement is controlled by which cranial nerve? oculomotor olfactory vagus hypoglossal | hypoglossal |
| Many cerebral functions have typical locations. This fact is known as cerebral plasticity. cerebral mapping. cerebral localization. neurophysiology. | cerebral localization. |
| Each skin surface area supplied by sensory fibers of a given spinal nerve is a dermatome. plexus. myotome. ramus. | dermatome. |
| The cortex is capable of storing and retrieving information from both short-term and long-term consciousness. memory. consolidation. pathways. | memory |
| If the center of a reflex arc is the brain, the response it mediates is called a cranial reflex. spinal reflex. cranial reaction. spinal reaction. | cranial reflex |
| The most numerous cerebral tracts are the projection tracts. association tracts. commissural tracts. cerebral nuclei. | association tracts |
| The limbic system integrates consciousness. sleep. emotion. language. | emotion |
| A reflex consists of either a muscle contraction or a muscle stretch. muscle relaxation. glandular secretion. glandular excretion. | glandular secretion |
| The action of acetylcholine is quickly terminated by its being hydrolyzed by the enzyme ATP synthase. coenzyme A. acetylcholinesterase. nucleotidase. | acetylcholinesterase. |
| The _____ consists of several structures that lie beneath the thalamus and form the floor of the third ventricle and the lower part of its lateral walls. hypothalamus pons cerebellum diencephalon | hypothalamus |
| The _____ nerve transmits impulses that result in sensations of equilibrium. vestibular cochlear vagus hypoglossal | vestibular |
| Which cranial nerve is responsible for the sense of smell? oculomotor trochlear trigeminal olfactory | olfactory |
| Both sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions are tonically active, which means they continually conduct impulses to autonomic effectors. continually conduct impulses to the brain. are hydrolyzed by the enzyme acetylcholinesterase. | continually conduct impulses to autonomic effectors. |
| The groove between the frontal and parietal lobes of the cerebral cortex is the longitudinal fissure. central sulcus. lateral fissure. parietooccipital fissure. | central sulcas |
| Which of the following is NOT an example of sympathetic stimulation? constriction of the bronchioles decreased secretion of the pancreas constriction of the urinary sphincters dilation of skeletal muscle blood vessels | constriction of the bronchioles |
| If the dorsal root ganglia of the spinal nerve were destroyed, a person would lose _____ related to that pathway. sensory perception willed movement only reflex activity both reflex activity and sensation | sensory perception |
| Sympathetic responses generally have widespread effects on the body because: | preganglionic fibers synapse with several postsynaptic fibers. |
| T/F The preganglionic neurons of both the sympathetic and the parasympathetic divisions are cholinergic. | True |
| Nerve impulses over the _____ nerve cause increased peristalsis and decreased heart rate. olfactory trigeminal vagus hypoglossal | vagus |
| A child was frightened by a large dog. The pupils of the child’s eyes became dilated, and the heart and respiratory rates increased. the sympathetic nervous system. both the parasympathetic and the sympathetic nervous systems. | the sympathetic nervous system. |
| T/F Biofeedback involves willful control of specific effectors normally controlled only autonomically. | True |
| Which is(are) the neurotransmitter(s) in a somatic motor pathway? Acetylcholine Amines Amino acids Neuropeptides | acetylcholine |
| A mixed nerve is one that: goes both to the skin surface and to the viscera. has its pathway mixed with other nerves. carries both sensory and motor fibers. carries large and small motor fibers. | carries both sensory and motor fibers. |
| All of the following are examples of parasympathetic stimulation except: contraction of the urinary bladder. relaxation of the sphincters of the digestive tract. increased salivation. increased heart rate. | increased heart rate. |
| Which of the following is not associated with the oculomotor nerve? Movement of external eye muscles Closing and opening of the eye (blink reflex) Movement of intrinsic eye muscles Proprioception of eye muscles | Closing and opening of the eye (blink reflex) |
| Norepinephrine is liberated at: the dendrite ending. parasympathetic preganglionic nerve endings. most sympathetic postganglionic nerve endings. sympathetic preganglionic nerve endings. | most sympathetic postganglionic nerve endings. |
| What is the difference between a somatic reflex and an autonomic reflex? | A somatic reflex is caused by contraction of skeletal muscles, whereas an autonomic reflex consists of contraction of smooth or cardiac muscle or secretions of glands. |
| The part of the brain that assists in the maintenance of balance is the: medulla. pons. cerebellum. hypothalamus. | cerebellum |
| Nerves that innervate the floor of the pelvic cavity and some of the surrounding areas are found in the _____ plexus. sacral cervical coccygeal lumbar | coccygeal |
| The vomiting reflex is mediated by the: cerebrum. medulla. thalamus. cerebellum. | medulla |
| Somatic motor and autonomic pathways share all of the following characteristics except: direction of information flow. location of peripheral fibers. number of neurons between central nervous system (CNS) and effector. acetylcholine. | number of neurons between central nervous system (CNS) and effector. |
| Damage to the _____ nerve could make the diaphragm unable to function. phrenic axillary radial medial cutaneous | phrenic |
| All of the following cranial nerves are involved in proprioception except the: vagus. hypoglossal. accessory. abducens. | vagus |
| Which of the following is not an example of sympathetic stimulation? Constriction of the bronchioles Decreased secretion of the pancreas Constriction of the urinary sphincters Dilation of skeletal muscle blood vessels | Constriction of the bronchioles |
| The two-point discrimination test can be used to measure: | the sensitivity of the skin in various parts of the body. |
| All of the following are nonsteroid hormones except: oxytocin. calcitonin. cortisol. glucagon. | cortisol |
| Accommodation for near vision necessitates an increase in the curvature of the lens. constriction of the pupils. convergence of the two eyes. all of the above. | all of the above |
| Which of the following is not a characteristic of the endocrine system? Chemical messenger travels a short distance. Effector tissues include virtually all tissues. Receptors are located on the plasma membrane or within the target cell. | Chemical messenger travels a short distance. |
| Visceroceptors are located in which of the following? Skin Tendons Internal organs Skeletal muscles | internal organs |
| The receptors responsible for sensing crude and persistent touch are the: Meissner corpuscles. Krause end bulbs. Ruffini corpuscles. free nerve endings | Ruffini corpuscles |
| The major hormone produced by the corpus luteum is: progesterone. estrogen. LTH. chorionic gonadotropin. | progesterone |
| The sequence of auditory ossicles in the middle ear starting at the tympanic membrane and ending at the oval window is: malleus, incus, and stapes. malleus, stapes, and incus. stapes, malleus, and incus. stapes, incus, and malleus. | malleus, incus, and stapes |
| The last step in the nonsteroid hormone mechanism of action is: joining with the G protein on the cell membrane. protein kinases activate other enzymes. adenyl cyclase is activated. cAMP is formed. | protein kinases activate other enzymes |
| Movement of hair cells in the organ of Corti against the _____ membrane can stimulate nerve impulse condition. tectorial basilar vestibular cochlear | tectorial |
| If you slammed your finger in a car door, it would stimulate _____ pain fibers. chronic acute visceral both chronic and visceral | acute |
| The olfactory tract carries impulses associated with: taste. equilibrium. smell. pain. | smell |
| The clear and potassium-rich fluid that fills the labyrinth is endolymph. perilymph. exolymph. none of the above. | endolymph |
| One of the few hormones that functions on a positive-feedback loop is: ADH. calcitonin. oxytocin. insulin. | oxytocin |
| Which of the following is not true of a receptor potential? It follows the all-or-none law. It is a graded response. It occurs when an adequate stimulus acts on a receptor. | It follows the all-or-none law |
| Which of the following is true about pain receptors? Alpha fibers are associated with dull, aching pain. Alpha fibers are associated with sharp, localized pain. Beta fibers are associated with sharp, localized pain. | Alpha fibers are associated with sharp, localized pain. |
| Sensory impulses ending in what part of the CNS trigger imprecise or “crude” sensation awareness? Thalamus Cerebellum Brainstem Cerebral cortex | thalamus |
| Sensory impulses ending in what part of the CNS trigger imprecise or “crude” sensation awareness? Thalamus Cerebellum Brainstem Cerebral cortex | slow to appear but long-lasting |
| Dynamic equilibrium depends on the functioning of the cupula. macula. otoliths. crista ampullaris. | crista ampullaris |
| The molecule that makes up 95% of the dry weight of each red blood cell and is responsible for the red pigment is spectrin. erythropoietin. hemoglobin. erythroblast. | hemoglobin |
| Platelets play an important role in fighting infection. carrying oxygen. blood clotting. carrying carbon dioxide. | blood clotting |
| All of the following are granulocytes except neutrophils. eosinophils. lymphocytes. basophils. | lymphocytes |
| A disease that develops as a result of the reaction of a mother’s Rh antibodies with her Rh-positive baby is hemostasis. hematopoiesis. diapedesis. erythroblastosis fetalis. | erythroblastosis fetalis. |
| _____ is used to determine the volume percentage of red blood cells in whole blood. Spectrin Hematocrit Hematopoiesis Hemocytometer | hematocrit |
| All of the following are components critical to coagulation except prothrombin. thrombin. fibrinogen. fibrin. none of the above; all of these components are critical to coagulation. | none of the above; all of these components are critical to coagulation. |
| The term blood type refers to the type of blood cell antibody. antigen. transfusion reaction. | antigen |
| A decrease in the amount of white blood cells is called leukocytosis. leukopenia. differential white blood cell count. hemostasis. | leukopenia |
| The normal cardiac impulse that initiates mechanical contraction of the heart arises in the AV node. AV bundle. Purkinje fibers. SA node. | SA node |
| The normal ECG is composed of all of the following except a P wave. QRS complex. T wave. E wave. | E wave |
| Atria are often called _____ because they receive blood from vessels called veins. pumping chambers venous chambers deoxygenated chambers receiving chambers | receiving chambers |
| The heart valves that are located where the trunk of the pulmonary artery joins the right ventricle and where the aorta joins the left ventricle are called | semilunar valves. |
| Mechanical devices that permit the flow of blood in one direction only are called ventricles. atria. valves. vessels. | valves |
| After blood leaves the lungs and returns to the heart, it enters the right atrium. left atrium. right ventricle. left ventricle. | left atrium |
| The bulk of the heart wall is the thick, contractile middle layer called the pericardium. epicardium. endocardium. myocardium. | myocardium. |
| A type of abnormal heart sound that may signify incomplete closing of the valves is myocardial infarction. bradycardia. a heart murmur. tachycardia. | a heart murmur |
| A few arteries open into other branches of the same or other arteries. This is called arterial communication. vessel communication. end arteries. arterial anastomosis. | arterial anastomosis. |
| Microscopic vessels that carry blood from small arteries to small veins are arterioles. venules. capillaries. sinusoids. | capillaries |
| Renal veins drain blood from the eyes. hands. pelvic region. kidneys. | kidneys |
| The _____ is(are) supplied with blood from the left subclavian artery. spinal cord and brain fingers head and upper extremities lower torso | head and upper extremities |
| In _____, blood moves from veins to other veins or arteries to other arteries without passing through an intervening capillary network. vascular anastomoses coronary arteries venous sinuses venous valves | vascular anastomoses |
| The outermost layer of the larger blood vessels is the tunica media. intima. adventitia. intermedia. | adventitia |
| Which layer of the larger blood vessels is made up of endothelium? tunica adventitia tunica media tunica intima tunica albuginea | tunica intima |
| Blood viscosity stems mainly from the red blood cells but also partly from the _____ in blood. glucose molecules present lipid molecules present formed elements protein molecules present | protein molecules present |
| Factors that affect the strength of myocardial contraction are called inotropic factors. chronotropic factors. ejection factors. cardiac afterload factors. | inotropic factors |
| What functions as an emergency mechanism when hypoxia or hypercapnia endangers the stability of the internal environment? medullary ischemic reflex vasomotor pressoreflex vasomotor control mechanism chemoreceptor reflex | chemoreceptor reflex |
| Which are the two baroreceptors that are located near the heart? | aortic baroreceptors and carotid baroreceptors |
| The difference between systolic pressure and diastolic pressure is called Korotkoff sounds. minute volume. pulse pressure. pressure gradient. | pulse pressure |
| The term used to describe the collection of mechanisms that influence the circulation of blood is: hematopoiesis. hemodynamics. hemostasis. hematocrit. | hemodynamics |
| Cardiac output is determined by stroke volume and blood pressure. heart rate and blood pressure. stroke volume and heart rate. stroke volume and peripheral resistance. | stroke volume and heart rate |
| Inhibition of sympathetic vasoconstrictor impulses is considered a major mechanism of vasoconstriction. vasodilation. vasopressure. vasomotor control. | vasodilation |
| If damaged, which valve could allow blood to leak back into the right atrium? Tricuspid Aortic semilunar Bicuspid Pulmonary Semilunar | tricuspid |
| Which of the following vessels do not have the ability to constrict and dilate? capillaries Arterioles arteries veins | capillaries |
| In the extrinsic pathway of stage 1 of the clotting mechanism, chemicals released from damaged tissues trigger the cascade of events that ultimately result in the formation of calcium. vitamin K. prothrombin activator. fibrin. | prothrombin activator |
| Starling’s law of the heart states that, within limits, the longer, or more stretched, the heart fibers are at the beginning of the contraction, the weaker the contraction. slower the heart rate. faster the heart rate. stronger the contraction. | stronger the contraction. |
| The difference between systolic pressure and diastolic pressure is called Korotkoff sounds. minute volume. pulse pressure. pressure gradient. | pulse pressure |
| The localized pressure gradient needed to maintain blood flow in a tissue is called regional pressure. perfusion pressure. systolic pressure. diastolic pressure. | perfusion pressure |
| Erythrocytes begin their maturation sequence in red bone marrow from nucleated cells known as: hemoglobin. osteons. erythroblasts. hematopoietic stem cells. | hematopoietic stem cells. |
| During pregnancy, what happens to the oxygenated blood returned from the placenta via the umbilical vein? | It flows into the inferior vena cava |
| Cardiac output is determined by stroke volume and blood pressure. heart rate and blood pressure. stroke volume and heart rate. stroke volume and peripheral resistance. | stroke volume and heart rate. |
| _____ is used to determine the volume percentage of red blood cells in whole blood. Spectrin Hematocrit Hematopoiesis Hemocytometer | hematocrit |
| Circulatory shock caused by a drop in the amount of blood in the circulatory system is called _____ shock. hypovolemic cardiogenic anaphylactic septic | hypovolemic |
| Neutrophils are highly mobile and phagocytic. They migrate out of blood vessels and into tissue spaces. This process is called diapedesis. chemotaxis. erythroblastosis. hematopoiesis. | diapedesis |
| A hematocrit of 56% would be an indication of: leukocytosis. anemia. leukemia. polycythemia. | polycythemia. |
| Blood viscosity stems mainly from the red blood cells but also partly from the _____ in blood. glucose molecules present lipid molecules present formed elements protein molecules present | protein molecules present |
| A decrease in the amount of white blood cells is called leukocytosis. leukopenia. differential white blood cell count. hemostasis. | leukopenia |
| Blood pressure is measured with the aid of an apparatus known as a(n) stethoscope. sphygmomanometer. EKG. MRI. | sphygmomanometer. |
| The physiological mechanism that dissolves clots is known as hemostasis. fibrinolysis. erythroblastosis. diapedesis. | fibrinolysis |
| A glycoprotein hormone that is secreted to increase oxygen concentration in the tissues is erythropoietin. hemoglobin. spectrin. proerythroblast. | erythropoeitin |
| Blood volume per kilogram of body weight varies inversely with: skeletal volume. body fat. water weight. Height. | body fat |
| Lymph is filtered by the spleen lymph nodes liver Thymus gland | lymph nodes |
| Lymph is filtered by the spleen lymph nodes liver Thymus gland Lymph is filtered by the spleen lymph nodes liver Thymus gland | lymphocytes |
| The purpose of the lymphatic system is to fight against cancer fight against chronic diseases fight against infection fight again inflammation | fight against infection |
| Fluid that is clear, watery and contains protein molecules, salts, and other substances is called blood plasma intercellular fluid intracellular fluid lymphatic fluid | intercellular fluid |
| The lymphatic system is made up of lymphatic vessels where lymph flows in only one direction towards the spleen the liver the lymph nodes the heart | the heart |
| The T cell is considered the messenger the transmitter the communicator the receiver | communicator |
| Millions of B cells release millions of antibodies antigens T cells leukocytes | antibodies |
| What is the function of the spleen? tissue repair hematopoiesis red blood cell and platelet destruction blood reservoir all of the above | all of the above |
| Which antibody is synthesized by immature B cells and then inserted into their plasma membranes? immunoglobulin M immunoglobulin G immunoglobulin A immunoglobulin E immunoglobulin D | immunoglobulin M |
| The lymphatic system serves various functions in the body. The two most important functions of this system are fluid balance and waste removal. fluid balance and immunity. immunity and waste removal. waste removal and gas exchange. | fluid balance and immunity |
| The functions of the lymph nodes are defense and hemostasis. defense and diapedesis. defense and hematopoiesis. hematopoiesis and hemostasis. | defense and hematopoiesis. |
| The functions of the lymphatic system include: transporting interstitial fluid back to the bloodstream. providing immunological defenses. transporting absorbed fats from the intestine to the blood. houses and develops lymphocytes. | A , B, C, & D |
| Which of the following is a powerful poison that acts directly on any cell and quickly kills it? cytotoxin phagotoxin lymphotoxin granulotoxin | lymphotoxin |
| Adaptive immunity, part of the body’s third line of defense, is orchestrated by two different classes of a type of white blood cell called the leukocyte. macrophage. lymphocyte. phagocyte. | lymphocyte |
| Memory cells: immediately secrete antibodies when they are formed. are supporting cells and are not related to antibody production. are a special type of T cell. become plasma cells when exposed to an antigen. | become plasma cells when exposed to an antigen. |
| Because T cells attack pathogens more directly, T-cell immune mechanisms are classified as _____ immunity. antibody-mediated cell-mediated nonspecific None of the above are correct. | cell-mediated |
| The _____ postulates that when an antigen enters the body, it selects the clone whose cells are committed to synthesizing its specific antibody and stimulates these cells to proliferate and to thereby produce more antibodies. | clonal selection theory |
| The ability of our immune system to attack abnormal or foreign cells but spare our own normal cells is called: innate immunity. nonspecific immunity. self-tolerance. adaptive immunity. | adaptive immunity. |
| Activities that result in central movement or flow of lymph are called lymph mechanisms. lymphokinetic activities. lymphatic activities. none of the above. | lymphokinetic activities. |
| Which of these substances operate(s) immune mechanisms? sebum mucus enzymes hydrochloric acid in gastric mucosa all of the above | all of the above |
| The movement of phagocytes from blood vessels to an inflammation site is called phagocytosis. pavementing. diapedesis. apedesis. | diapedesis |
| _____ refers to a phenomenon in which the genetic characteristics common to a particular kind of organism provide defense against certain pathogens. Inflammatory response Antigen resistance Immunity resistance Species resistance | Species resistance |
| The lymph pressure gradient is established by: breathing movements. skeletal muscle contractions. parasympathetic stimulation. both A and B. | both A and B. |
| Molecules formed by the reactions of the complement cascade assemble themselves on the enemy cell’s surface, which results in cytolysis. crenation. apoptosis. hemolysis. | cytolysis |
| The ability of the lungs and thorax to stretch is referred to as pressure equilibrium. compliance. elastic recoil. partial pressure. | compliance |
| What variations exist in the body to temporarily store or carry oxygen? neuroglobin myoglobin fetal hemoglobin all of the above | all of the above |
| Which term refers to the volume of inspired air that actually reaches, or “ventilates,” the alveoli? residual ventilation physiological dead space pulmonary ventilation alveolar ventilation | alveolar ventilation |
| The basic rhythm of the respiratory cycle of inspiration and expiration seems to be generated by the medullary rhythmicity area. apneustic center. pneumotaxic center. pons. | medullary rhythmicity area |
| Hyperpnea means a(n) decrease in breathing. increase in breathing. temporary cessation of breathing at the end of a normal expiration. repeated sequence of deep gasps. | increase in breathing |
| The _____ represents the largest volume of air an individual can move in and out of the lungs. tidal volume inspiratory capacity total lung capacity vital capacity | vital capacity |
| A right shift of the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve due to increased partial pressure of carbon dioxide is also known as the Bohr effect. the Haldane effect. Dalton’s law. Charles’ law. | Bohr effect |
| Pressure gradients are established by changes in the thoracic cavity. abdominal cavity. upper respiratory tract. atmosphere. | thoracic cavity |
| An increase in carbon dioxide in the blood causes a drop in pH in the blood. an increase in pH in the blood. no change in pH. an increase in partial pressure. | a drop in pH in the blood |
| The apparatus used to measure the volume of air exchanged in breathing is called a(n) otoscope. sphygmomanometer. spirometer. ophthalmoscope. | spirometer |
| An obstructive lung disorder that is characterized by recurring spasms of the smooth muscles in the wall of the bronchial air passages is chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. asthma. emphysema. dyspnea. | asthma |
| Which oxygen-binding protein helps move oxygen out of the blood and into muscle cells? fetal hemoglobin myofibril myoglobin carbaminohemoglobin | myoglobin |
| More than two-thirds of the carbon dioxide carried by blood is carried in the form of bicarbonate ions. dissolved plasma proteins. carbonic acid. carbamino compounds. | bicarbonate ions |
| The forced expiratory volume test can determine the presence of respiratory obstruction by measuring the | volume of air expired per second during forced expiration. |
| The mechanism that produces pulmonary ventilation is one that establishes a gas pressure gradient between the atmosphere and air in the upper respiratory tract. atmosphere and the alveolar air. alveolar air and the upper respiratory tract. | atmosphere and the alveolar air. |
| Spirometry is used to measure all of the following EXCEPT: Expiratory Reserve Volume Tidal volume Inspiratory capacity Total lung capacity | Total lung capacity |
| During the respiratory cycle, intrapleural pressure is always less than alveolar pressure. This difference is called continuous positive airway pressure. elastic recoil. inflation pressure. transpulmonary pressure. | transpulmonary pressure. |
| The volume of air exhaled normally after a typical inspiration is called _____ volume. inspiratory reserve expiratory reserve tidal residual | tidal |
| In what form does oxygen travel in the blood? dissolved oxygen in the plasma associated with hemoglobin associated with bicarbonate ions both a and b | both a and b |
| The exit of the bicarbonate ion from the red blood cell is balanced by the inward transport of another negative ion, chloride. This countertransport of negative ions is often called the _____ shift. bicarbonate carbonic chloride right | chloride |
| The compound formed when carbon dioxide combines with hemoglobin is carbamino compound. oxyhemoglobin. carbaminohemoglobin. bicarbonate ion. | carbaminohemoglobin. |
| When carbon dioxide dissolves in water, some of the carbon dioxide molecules associate with water to form bicarbonate ions. hydroxyl ions. amino acid. carbonic acid. | carbonic acid. |
| The exact amount of oxygen in blood depends mainly on the amount of platelets. white blood cells. hemoglobin. protein. | hemoglobin |
| Oxygen enters blood from alveolar air because the partial pressure of alveolar air is less than the partial pressure of incoming blood. greater than the partial pressure of incoming blood. the same as the incoming partial pressure of blood. | greater than the partial pressure of incoming blood |
| _____ law states that the volume of a gas is inversely proportional to its pressure. Dalton’s Henry’s Boyle’s Charles’s | Boyle's |
| Boyle’s law states that the volume of a gas varies _____ with pressure at a _____ temperature. directly; constant inversely; constant directly; constantly changing inversely; constantly changing | inversely; constant |
| During inspiration, the expansion of the lungs causes: cohesion of visceral and parietal pleura. a pressure gradient from alveoli to atmosphere. a decrease in alveolar pressure. an increase in intrathoracic pressure from about –6 to –4 mm Hg | an increase in intrathoracic pressure from about –6 to –4 mm Hg |
| Which of the following combinations in arterial blood could cause an increase in the respiratory rate? Increased PCO2, decreased arterial pressure, decreased pH, decreased PO2 Increased PCO2, decreased arterial pressure, increased pH, decreased PO2 | Increased PCO2, decreased arterial pressure, decreased pH, decreased PO2 |
| Which of the following is not a means of transporting oxygen in the blood? As oxyhemoglobin Combined with the bicarbonate ion (HCO3–) Dissolved in the plasma All of the above are used to transport oxygen in the blood. | Combined with the bicarbonate ion (HCO3–) |
| Which of the following is not a regulated process associated with the functioning of the respiratory system? Transport of gases Gas exchange in lungs and tissue Control of cell metabolism rate Pulmonary ventilation | Control of cell metabolism rate |
| About 98.5% of the oxygen carried by systemic arterial blood is attached to: bicarbonate ions. hemoglobin. carbaminohemoglobin. chloride ions. | hemoglobin |
| The tendency of the thorax and lungs to return to the preinspiration volume is called: compliance. elastic recoil. expiration. ventilation. | elastic recoil |
| The term used to describe the volume of air exchanged during normal inspiration and expiration is: inspiratory and expiratory reserve volume. vital capacity. tidal volume. residual volume. | tidal volume |
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